Sains Malaysiana 46(10)(2017): 1839–1848
http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2017-4610-22
Evaluation of Foot Arch in Adult Women: Comparison between
Five Different Footprint Parameters
(Penilaian Lengkung Kaki pada Wanita Dewasa: Perbandingan antara Lima Parameter Jejak Kaki
yang Berbeza)
SHALIZA MOHD SHARIFF1,2, THAMILVAANI MANAHARAN1, ASMA AHMAD SHARIFF1,3 & AMIR FEISAL MERICAN1,4*
1Centre of Research for
Computational Sciences and, Informatics in Biology Bio industry, Environment, Agriculture
and Healthcare (CRYSTAL), University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Federal
Territory, Malaysia
2Institute of
Postgraduate Studies, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Federal
Territory, Malaysia
3Centre for Foundation
Studies in Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory,
Malaysia
4Institute of
Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Federal
Territory, Malaysia
5Fashion Department,
Faculty of Art and Design, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam,
Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Diserahkan: 22 Februari 2017/Diterima: 31 Mac
2017
ABSTRACT
Foot arch determines
the shape of the foot, whether it is normal, flat or high. Excessive body
weight is known to be the main factor in altering the foot arches. The foot
arches of adult women were determined based on five different footprint
parameters (Clarke index, Chippaux-Smirak index, Staheli index, Arch index and the Harris-imprint index) and
the relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI)
and foot arches were studied. A total of 309 adult women from the age of 20 to
60 years were recruited in this study. The shape of
participants’ feet were obtained and their left and right foot arches
were determined using five different footprint parameters. Body weight and
height were measured and BMI was calculated. Paired t-test and
one-way ANOVA were applied to perform the statistical analysis.
Our analysis showed that two third of the participants have different foot
arches between the left and right feet. The Harris-imprint index exhibited the
most significant (p=0.004) differences
between the left (mean=0.168) and right (mean=1.011) foot arches. Most of the
overweight (53%) and obese (15%) participants have normal arches; however the
prevalence of flat and high arches is still higher in overweight (flat arch=
51%; high arch= 52% ) and obese (flat arch= 18%; high
arch= 12%) compared to other BMI categories. Harris-imprint
index was successfully studied as a suitable parameter in determining the left
and right foot arches.
Keywords: Body mass
index; footprints; foot arch; obesity; women
ABSTRAK
Lengkung kaki dapat menentukan bentuk kaki, sama ada ia adalah normal, rata atau tinggi. Berat badan berlebihan dikenal pasti sebagai faktor utama dalam mengubah bentuk lengkung kaki. Lengkung kaki wanita dewasa ditentukan berdasarkan lima parameter bentuk tapak kaki (Indeks Clarke, indeks Chippaux-Smirak, indeks Staheli, indeks Arch dan indeks Harris-imprint) yang berbeza dan hubungan antara Indek Jisim Tubuh (BMI) dan lengkung kaki adalah diperhatikan dalam kajian ini. Seramai 309 wanita dewasa yang berumur 20 hingga 60 tahun telah mengambil bahagian dalam kajian ini. Bentuk tapak kaki peserta telah diperoleh dan lengkung kaki kiri dan kanan mereka telah ditentukan dengan menggunakan lima parameter yang berbeza. Berat badan dan ketinggian diukur dan BMI dikira. Ujian-t dan ANOVA sehala telah digunakan untuk menjalankan analisis statistik. Keputusan statistik analisis menunjukkan bahawa dua pertiga daripada peserta mempunyai lengkung kaki yang berbeza antara kiri dan kaki kanan. Indeks Harris-imprint menunjukkan (p=0.004) perbezaan yang ketara antara lengkung kaki kiri (purata=0.168) dan kanan (purata=1.011). Kebanyakan peserta mempunyai berat badan berlebihan (53%) dan mereka yang obes (15%) mempunyai lengkung kaki yang normal; bagaimanapun kelaziman gerbang kaki yang
rata dan tinggi masih mempunyai peratusan lebih tinggi dalam kategori berat badan berlebihan (lengkung kaki rata=
51%; lengkung kaki tinggi=
52%) dan obes (lengkung kaki rata= 18%; lengkung kaki tinggi= 12% ). Indeks Harris-jejak telah berjaya dikaji sebagai parameter yang sesuai dalam menentukan lengkung kaki kiri dan kanan.
Kata kunci: Indeks jisim tubuh; lengkung kaki; obesiti; tapak kaki; wanita
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*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: merican@um.edu.my