Sains Malaysiana 46(3)(2017): 373–380
http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2017-4603-03
Evaluation of the Effect of Sidoarjo Mud on
Aquatic Life Using Chromatophores and the Microstructure of Fish Scales
(Penilaian Kesan Lumpur Sidoarjo Terhadap
Hidupan Akuatik Menggunakan Kromatofor dan Mikrostruktur Sisik Ikan)
DEWI HIDAYATI1, NORELA SULAIMAN2*, B.S. ISMAIL2, M. SHUHAIMI-OTHMAN2
& M.E. DE BELLARD3
1Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Science
(FMIPA), Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya-60111, Indonesia
2School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences,
Faculty of Science and Technology
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600
Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
3Department of Biology, California State University,
Northridge, USA
Diserahkan: 10 Oktober 2014/Diterima: 23
Julai 2016
ABSTRACT
The Sidoarjo mud is the first
visible phenomenon of a mud volcano that occurs in a human settlement and which
is subsequently channelled into a river. Clay, aluminium and iron were reported
to be the dominant contaminants that could possibly come into contact with and
accumulate on the surface of local fish and initiate alteration in scale
microstructure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the extent of water body
contamination in the Sidoarjo mud by evaluating the chromatophore density and
microstructure deformation of fish scales that act as biomarkers. Scale samples
were obtained from caged Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) fish
that were placed downstream and upstream of the Sidoarjo mud spillway pipes.
With respect to melanophore density, it was found that the scales of fish
exposed in the downstream section were significantly lower in chromatophores
(<50 chr/mm²) than the control scales in fish from the upstream station
(>100 chr/mm²). This study suggested that the density of chromatophores
was closely related to the concentration of total suspended solids (r =
0.69), which was possibly enhanced by iron (r = 0.56). Using scanning
electron microscopy analysis, some deformation, i.e. irregularity of spherule
shape and increasing pits in the space between ridges, were observed.
Keywords: Fish scale chromatophore;
metal; SEM; Sidoarjo mud; suspended solid
ABSTRAK
Lumpur Sidoarjo adalah fenomena
pertama daripada gunung lumpur yang berlaku di kawasan berpenghuni dan
disalurkan terus ke dalam sungai. Tanah liat, aluminium dan besi dilaporkan
sebagai bahan cemar dominan yang mungkin boleh bersentuhan dan berkumpul di
permukaan badan ikan tempatan dan menyebabkan perubahan pada mikrostruktur
sisik. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menilai kesan pencemaran lumpur Sidoarjo pada
jasad air menggunakan ketumpatan kromatofor dan perubahan bentuk mikrostruktur
pada sisik ikan yang bertindak sebagai penanda biologi. Sampel sisik diperoleh
daripada ikan tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) yang dikurung di
dalam sangkar dan diletak di hulu dan hilir paip efluen lumpur Sidoarjo.
Ketumpatan kromatofor pada sisik ikan yang terdedah di kawasan hilir adalah
jauh lebih rendah (<50 kromatofor/mm²) dibandingkan dengan ikan dari
kawasan hulu atau kawalan (>100 kromatofor/mm²). Kajian ini
mencadangkan bahawa ketumpatan kromatofor berkait rapat dengan kepekatan
pepejal terampai (r=0.69) yang mungkin dipertingkatkan oleh kepekatan
besi (r=0.56). Berdasarkan analisis mikrostruktur menggunakan mikroskop
imbasan elektron (SEM), beberapa perubahan bentuk
dijumpai, iaitu ketidakteraturan bentuk sferul dan peningkatan lubang pada
permukaan sisik di antara rabung.
Kata kunci: Kromatofor sisik ikan; logam; lumpur Sidoarjo; pepejal
terampai; SEM
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*Pengarang untuk
surat-menyurat; email: vozela@ukm.edu.my
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