 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
Sains Malaysiana 46(4)(2017):
645–653 http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2017-4604-18
Effect of Substitution
of Normal Weight Coarse Aggregate with Oil-Palm-Boiler Clinker on Properties of Concrete (Kesan Penggantian Agregat
Kasar Berat Biasa dengan Klinker Dandang Kelapa-Sawit ke atas Sifat Konkrit) LEE JIN
CHAI1,2,
PAYAM
SHAFIGH3,4*, HILMI
MAHMUD1
& MUHAMMAD ASLAM1 1Department of Civil Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Federal
Territory, Malaysia 2Department of Civil Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, UCSI University Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur,
Federal Territory, Malaysia 3Department of Building
Surveying, Faculty of Built Environment, University of Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Federal
Territory, Malaysia 4Center for Building,
Construction & Tropical Architecture (BuCTA), Faculty of Built
Environment, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Diserahkan: 5 Januari
2016/Diterima: 6 September 2016 ABSTRACT Oil-palm-boiler clinker
(OPBC) is an agricultural solid waste sourced from the palm
oil industry in tropical regions. This study investigates the use
of OPBC
as coarse aggregate instead of conventional coarse
aggregates to produce a greener concrete, which will help in implementing
sustainable construction practices by reducing the usage of raw
materials. For this purpose, normal weight coarse aggregates was
substituted with dry OPBC
aggregates up to 75% (by volume) in a high strength
normal weight concrete. The effectiveness of this substitution on
the properties of the concrete such as workability, density, compressive
strength, splitting tensile strength and modulus of elasticity was
studied. The slump test results showed that using OPBC in dry condition reduced the workability of the concrete
and therefore can be used up to 50% of the total volume of coarse
aggregate. Concrete containing 50% OPBC can be considered as semi-lightweight
concrete with high strength. Using OPBC in
concrete reduced the splitting tensile strength and modulus of elasticity,
however, the reduction was not significant. Keywords: Lightweight
aggregate; lightweight aggregate concrete; mechanical properties;
oil-palm-boiler clinker ABSTRAK Klinker dandang kelapa-sawit
(OPBC) adalah sisa pepejal pertanian yang diperoleh daripada
industri kelapa sawit di kawasan tropika. Penyelidikan ini mengkaji
penggunaan OPBC sebagai agregat kasar dan bukan sebagai agregat kasar
konvensional untuk penghasilan konkrit lebih hijau yang akan membantu
dalam melaksanakan amalan pembinaan mampan dengan mengurangkan penggunaan
bahan mentah. Bagi tujuan ini, berat normal agregat kasar digantikan
dengan agregat OPBC
kering sehingga 75% (isi padu) dalam konkrit kekuatan
tinggi berat normal. Keberkesanan penggantian ini pada sifat konkrit
kebolehkerjaan, ketumpatan, kekuatan mampatan, kekuatan pemecahbelahan
tegangan dan modulus keanjalan turut dikaji. Keputusan ujian nendat
menunjukkan bahawa penggunaan OPBC
dalam keadaan kering mengurangkan kebolehkerjaan konkrit
dan oleh yang demikian, OPBC boleh digunakan sehingga 50% daripada
jumlah bilangan agregat kasar. Konkrit yang mengandungi 50% OPBC
boleh dianggap sebagai konkrit yang separa ringan
dengan kekuatan tinggi. Penggunaan OPBC dalam konkrit mengurangkan kekuatan
pemecahbelahan tegangan dan modulus keanjalan, walau bagaimanapun,
pengurangan adalah tidak ketara. Kata kunci: Agregat ringan; agregat ringan konkrit; klinker dandang
kelapa sawit; sifat mekanik RUJUKAN Adel,
G.K., Payam, S., Mahmoud, M. & Hilmi, B.M. 2014. The role of
0-2 mm fine recycled concrete aggregate on the compressive strength
and splitting tensile strength of recycled concrete aggregate concrete.
Materials and Design 64: 345-354. Ahmad,
M.H. & Mohd, S. 2007. Mechanical Properties of Palm Oil Clinker
Concrete. In Proceedings of 1st Engineering Conference on Energy
and Environment, Sarawak, Malaysia. BSI
Document 92/17688. 1992. European Draft Standard Specification for
lightweight aggregates, CEN/TC154/SC5, Sub Committee Lightweight
Aggregates. BS 8110:
Part 2:1985. Structural use of concrete. Part 2: Code of practice
for special circumstances. London: British Standards Institution.
CEB/FIP.
1977. Manual of Design and
Technology, Lightweight Aggregate Concrete. 1st ed. Lancaster:
The Construction Press Ltd. CEBAR
Info Sheet. 2006. Management of Agricultural Waste. University
of Malaya. Vol. 1(2). Chin,
K.L. 2005. Major Challenges in Protecting Biodiversity. New
Straits Times. January 25. Committee
Euro-International du Beton (CEB-PIP). 1993. CEB-PIP Model Code
1990. London: Thomas Telford. Construction
Industry Development Board (CIDB) 2000. Malaysian Construction
Industry: Technology Foresight Report. CIDB Malaysia and APEC
Technology Foresight Center, Bangkok. Construction
Industry Development Board (CIDB) 2007. Strategic Recommendations
for Improving Environmental Practices in Construction Industry.
Kuala Lumpur: CIDB Publisher. Fujji,
K., Adachi, S., Takeuchi, M.T., Kakizaki, M., Edahiro, H., lnoue,
T. & Yamamoto, Y. 1998. Properties of high-strength and high-fluidity
lightweight concrete. ACI Spec. Publ. 179: 65-84. Graybeal,
B. & Lwin, M.M. 2013. Lightweight concrete in highway infrastructure.
ASPIRE. pp. 44-45. Haque,
M.N., Al-Khaiat, H. & Kayali, O. 2004. Strength and durability
of lightweight concrete. Cem. Concr. Compos. 26: 307-314.
Holm,
T.A. 1994. Lightweight Concrete
and Aggregates. ASTM Stand. Tech. Publ. 169C. pp. 522-532. Kanadasan,
J. & Abdul Razak, H. 2015. Engineering and sustainability performance
of self-compacting palm oil mill incinerated waste concrete. Journal
of Cleaner Production 89: 78-86. Kosmatka,
S.H. & Wilson, M.L. 2011. Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures,
EB001, fifteenth ed. Portland Cement Association, Skokie,
Illinois, USA. Lo,
T.Y., Cui, H.Z. & Li, Z.G. 2004. Influence of aggregate pre-wetting
and fly ash on mechanical properties of lightweight concrete. Waste
Manage. 24: 333-338. Mannan,
M.A. & Ganapathy, C. 2004. Concrete from an agricultural waste-oil
palm shell (OPS). Build Environ. 39(4): 441-448. Mannan,
M.A. & Ganapathy, C. 2002. Engineering properties of concrete
with oil palm shell as coarse aggregate. Constr. Build Mater.
16(1): 29-34. Mehta,
P.K. & Monteiro, P.J.M. 2006. Concrete: Microstructure, Properties
and Materials. 3rd. ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. Mohammed,
B., Al-Ganad, M.A. & Abdullahi, M. 2011. Analytical and experimental
studies on composite slabs utilising palm oil clinker concrete.
Construction and Building Materials 25: 3550-3560. Neville, A.M. 2008. Properties
of Concrete. 14th ed. Malaysia: CTP-WP. Neville, A.M. & Brooks,
J.J. 2008. Concrete Technology. New Delhi: Pearson Education
Asia Pte Ltd, PP(CTP). Nowak, A. & Rakoczy,
A. 2011. Statistical model for
compressive strength of lightweight concrete. Architect Civ.
Eng. Environ. 4(4): 73-80. Omain, S.Z., Hamid, A.B.A.,
Rahim, A.R.A. & Salleh, N.M. 2010. Supply chain management practices
in Malaysia palm oil industry. In The 11th Asia Pacific Industrial
Engineering and Management Systems Conference, Melaka, Malaysia,
7-10 December. Omar, W. & Mohamed,
R.N. 2002. The performance of pretensioned prestressed concrete
beams made with lightweight concrete. J. Civ. Eng. 14(1):
60-70. Shafigh, P., Jumaat,
M.Z. & Mahmud, H.B. 2012. Effect of replacement of normal weight
coarse aggregate with oil palm shell on properties of concrete.
Arab J. Sci. Eng. DOI 10.1007/s13369-012-0233-2. Tasnimi, A.A. 2004. Mathematical
model for complete stress-strain curve prediction of normal, light-weight
and high-strength concretes. Mag. Con. Res. 56(1): 23-34.
Wahid, M.B. 2005. Malaysian
Palm Oil Board (MPOB): Overview of the Malaysian Oil Palm Industry
2005. http:// econ.mpob.gov.my/ economy/su_review 2005.htm.
Accessed on 14 February 2013. Wong K.K. 2012. Concrete waste: Discard or recycle? Borneo
Post. http://www.theborneopost.com/2012/10/31/ concrete-waste-discard-or-recycle/.
Accessed on 14 February 2013. Zain, M.F.M., Mahmud,
H.B., Ilham, A. & Faizal, M. 2002. Prediction of splitting tensile
strength of high-performance concrete. Cem. Concr. Res. 32(8):
1251-1258. Zhang, M.H. & GjorvI,
O.E. 1990. Development of high-strength lightweight concrete. ACI
Spec Publ. 121: 667-682. *Corresponding author; email: pshafigh@gmail.com
|
|||
|
