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Sains Malaysiana 47(8)(2018): 1665–1674
http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2018-4708-05
Chemical Composition of a Mud Volcano
LUSI and the Health Risk Involved based on the Air Quality Index that Occurred
as a Result of Disastrous Gas Exploration Drilling Activities in Sidoarjo,
Indonesia
(Komposisi Kimia daripada Gunung berapi LUSI dan Risiko Kesihatan yang Terlibat
Berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Udara Hasil daripada Aktiviti Penggerudian
Eksplorasi Gas Bencana di Sidoarjo, Indonesia)
DEWI HIDAYATI12., ISMAIL B.S2., SHUHAIMI-OTHMAN M2.
& NORELA SULAIMAN2*
1Biology Department, Mathematics and Natural
Science Faculty, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya (ITS), Indonesia
2School of Environmental and Natural
Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Diserahkan: 3
Julai 2017/Diterima: 11 Mac 2018
ABSTRACT
LUSI (Lumpur“mud”-Sidoarjo)
is the mud volcanic which was initiated by the failed gas drilling
exploration activities carried out near an urban area. The evaluation
of the LUSI
mud volcanic emission and its dried mud effects on
air pollution and human health was carried out from 2011 to 2012.
The concentrations of particulate matter (PM2.5),
hazardous gases (H2S, SO2,
NO2), volatile organic compounds (VOC):
Including total hydrocarbons (THC)), toluene (C6H5CH3)
and benzene (C6H6)
as well as heavy metals (Pb, Cr and Cd) were measured following
standard methods. The results showed that the average concentration
of PM2.5
ranged from 24.0-399.9 μg/m3, H2S:
1.53-2.92 ppm; SO2: 0.021-1.321 ppm and NO2:
0.007-0.076 ppm. The VOC included total hydrocarbons from
0.57-0.96 ppm, toluene 0.33-0.92 ppm and benzene 0.33-0.40 ppm.
Furthermore, heavy metal concentrations were as follows: Pb 2.6-37.34
μg/m3;
Cr 0.14-12.8 μg/m3 and
Cd 0.78-4.16 μg/m3. LUSI contributed
to increased air pollution primarily through H2S,
SO2 and PM2.5.
The Air Quality Index (AQI) of PM2.5
(164-217) and SO2 (235-291) showed that
the air quality at the disaster area was 'very unhealthy'. Backward
trajectories indicated that the wind direction may have had an impact
on the air pollution load.
Keywords: Air quality index; heavy
metals; VOC; volcano
ABSTRAK
LUSI (Lumpur
“lumpur” -Sidoarjo) adalah bencana lumpur gunung
berapi yang disebabkan oleh kegagalan aktiviti penggerudian gas
yang terjadi berhampiran dengan kawasan bandar. Penilaian kesan pelepasan
gas gunung berapi LUSI dan lumpur keringnya terhadap pencemaran udara dan
kesihatan manusia ini telah dijalankan pada tahun 2011 hingga 2012.
Kepekatan zarahan halus (PM2.5), gas berbahaya (H2S,
SO2, NO2, VOC:
jumlah hidrokarbon (THC)), toluena (C6H5CH3)
dan benzena (C6H6)
serta logam berat (Pb, Cr and Cd) diukur menggunakan metod piawaian.
Keputusan menunjukkan purata kepekatan bagi PM2.5 antara
24.0-399.9 μg/m3, H2S:
1.53-2.92 ppm; SO2: 0.021-1.321
ppm dan NO2: 0.007-0.076
ppm. VOC termasuk jumlah hidrokarbon daripada
0.57-0.96 ppm, toluena 0.33-0.92 ppm dan benzena 0.33-0.40 ppm.
Tambahan pula, kepekatan logam berat adalah seperti berikut: Pb
2.6-37.34 μg/m3; Cr 0.14-12.8 μg/m3 dan
Cd 0.78-4.16 μg/m3. LUSI
menyumbang kepada peningkatan pencemaran udara terutamanya
H2S,
SO2 dan PM2.5.
Merujuk kepada Indeks Kualiti Udara (AQI)
PM2.5 (164-217) dan SO2 (235-291)
menggambarkan bahawa kualiti udara di kawasan bencana tersebut adalah
'sangat tidak sihat'. Trajektori udara
kebelakang menunjukkan arah angin mungkin mempunyai kesan ke atas
beban pencemaran udara.
Kata
kunci: Gunung berapi; indeks kualiti udara; logam berat; VOC
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*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: vozela@ukm.edu.my
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