 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
Sains Malaysiana 50(4)(2021): 1187-1198
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2021-5004-28
Positive and Negative Effects of
COVID-19 Pandemic on Aquatic Environment: A Review
(Kesan Positif dan Negatif Pandemik COVID-19 ke atas Persekitaran Akuatik: Suatu Ulasan)
ONG
MENG CHUAN1,2,3*, ADIANA GHAZALI1,2, ROSWATI MD AMIN1,2,
KESAVEN BHUBALAN1,2, LEE JEN NIE1,2, TUAN MOHAMAD FAUZAN
TUAN OMAR1,2, IDHAM KHALIL1,2, SUVIK ASSAW1,2,
YONG JAW CHUEN1,2, NURULNADIA MOHD YUSOFF1,2, IZAN JAAFAR1,2,
WAN NURUL NADIAH WAN RASDI2,4, NURZAFIRAH MAZLAN5,
MIFTAHUL JANNAH MUHAMMAD HUSIN5, RADIN MAYA SAPHIRA RADIN MOHAMED6,
ZURAHANIM FASHA ANUAL7, CHEN MENGLI8 & MARFIAH AB
WAHID9
1Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu Darul Iman, Malaysia
2Ocean Pollution and Ecotoxicology (OPEC)
Research Group, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030
Kuala Nerus, Terengganu Darul Iman, Malaysia
3Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu Darul Iman, Malaysia
4Faculty of Fisheries and Food Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu Darul Iman, Malaysia
5Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Management
and Science University, Seksyen 13, University Drive,
40100 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
6Micropollutant Research Centre (MPRC), Faculty
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor Darul Takzim, Malaysia
7Environmental Health Research Centre, Institute
for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, 50588 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia
8Tropical Marine Science Institute, National
University of Singapore, 18 Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore 119227, Singapore
9Micropollutant & Pathogen in Water
Research Group, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Diserahkan: 25 Januari 2021/Diterima: 15 Mac 2021
ABSTRACT
In December 2019, a novel coronavirus
called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak
was reported for the first time in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. This
coronavirus has been referred as Coronavirus Disease 2019 or COVID-19 by World
Health Organization (WHO). The spread of COVID-19 has become unstoppable,
infecting around 93.5 million people worldwide, with the infections and deaths
still increasing. Today, the entire planet has changed due to the greatest
threat on the planet since the introduction of this lethal disease. This
pandemic has left the world in turmoil and various measures have been taken by
many countries including movement control order or lockdown, to slow down or
mitigate the infection. Since the lockdown has been implemented almost in all
affected countries, there has been a significant reduction in anthropogenic
activity, including a reduction in industrial operations, vehicle numbers, and
marine-related activities. All of these changes have also led to some unexpected
environmental consequences. As a result of this lockdown, it had a positive and
negative impact on the environment including the aquatic environment. Hence
this review will therefore focus on the good and bad perspectives of the
lockdown toward the aquatic environment.
Keywords: Anthropogenic; aquatic
environment; COVID-19; lockdown; pollution
ABSTRAK
Pada Disember 2019, satu koronavirus baru yang dikenali sebagai SARS-CoV-2 telah merebak dan dilaporkan untuk pertama kalinya di Wuhan, Wilayah
Hubei, China. Koronavirus ini telah dinamakan sebagai Coronavirus
Disease 2019 atau pandemik COVID-19oleh Pertubuhan Kesihatan Dunia (WHO). Penyebaran COVID-19 ini tidak dapat dikawal dan dihentikan dan telah menjangkiti hampir 94.5 juta manusia di seluruh dunia dengan kadar jangkitan dan kematian masih meningkat pada hari ini. Kini, persekitaran bumi telah berubah kerana ancaman terbesar sejak kemunculan wabak ini. Pandemik ini juga menjadikan seluruh dunia menjadi panik dan pelbagai langkah telah diambil oleh kebanyakan negara termasuk perintah kawalan pergerakan untuk memperlahankan dan mengawal jangkitan ini. Sejak perintah ini dilaksanakan di kesemua negara yang terjejas di seluruh dunia, aktiviti antropogen telah berkurangan secara signifikan, termasuk aktiviti perindustrian, jumlah kenderaan di jalan raya dan juga aktiviti berkaitan dengan laut. Semua perubahan ini turut membawa kepada perubahan persekitaran yang tidak dijangka oleh manusia. Hasil daripada kawalan ini, ia memberi kesan positif dan juga negatif terhadap alam sekitar termasuklah persekitaran akuatik. Oleh itu, ulasan ini akan menumpukan kepada perspektif baik dan buruk perintah kawalan pergerakan terhadap persekitaran akuatik.
Kata kunci: Antropogen;
COVID-19; kawalan pergerakan; pencemaran; persekitaran akuatik
RUJUKAN
Abdullah,
S., Mansor, A.A., Napi,
N.N.L.M., Mansor, W.N.W., Ahmed, A.N., Ismail, M.
& Ramly, Z.T.A. 2020. Air quality status during
2020 Malaysia Movement Control Order (MCO) due to 2019 novel coronavirus
(2019-nCoV) pandemic. Science of The
Total Environment 729: 139022.
Adhikari,
S., Meng, S., Wu, Y.J., Mao, Y.P., Ye, R.X., Wang, Q.Z., Sun, C., Sylvia, S., Rozelle, S., Raat, H. & Zhou,
H. 2020. Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention
and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period:
A scoping review. Infectious Diseases of
Poverty 9: 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-020-00646-x.
Ahmad,
T., Khan, M., Haroon, Musa, T.H., Nasir, S., Hui, J., Bonilla-Aldana, D.K. & Ridriguez-Morales, A.J. 2020. COVID-19: Zoonotic
aspects. Travel Medicine and Infectious
Disease 36: 101607.
Akdogan, Z. & Guven, B. 2019. Microplastics in the environment: A
critical review of current understanding and identification of future research
needs. Environmental Pollution 254:
13011.
Alcaca, A.C.
& Gomes, E.D. 1979. Recolonization and growth of hermatypic corals in
dynamite-blasted coral reefs in the Central Visayas, Philippines. Proceedings of the International Symposium
on Marine Biogeography and Evolution in the Southern Hemisphere, New Zealand 137(2): 645-661.
Álvarez-Ruiz,
R. & Picó, Y. 2020. Analysis of emerging and
related pollutants in aquatic biota. Trends
Environ. Analytical Chemistry 25:
e00082.
Andrady, A. 2017. The plastic in
microplastics: A review. Marine Pollution
Bulletin 119: 12-22.
Aspillaga, E., Bartumeus, F., Linares, C., Starr, R.M., López-Sanz, À.,
Díaz, D., Zabala, M. & Hereu,
B. 2016. Ordinary and extraordinary movement behaviour of small resident fish within a Mediterranean Marine Protected Area. PLoS ONE 11(7): e0159813.
Atawodi, J.C., Dzikwi, A.A., Odoba, N.B.
& Dagai, D.D. 2013. Animals as reservoir of some
human diseases. Electronic Journal of
Biology 9(2): 24-28.
Baron, S.A., Devaux, D., Colson,
P., Raoult, D. & Rolain,
J.M. 2020. Teicoplanin: An alternative drug for the treatment of coronavirus
COVID-19. International Journal of
Antimicrobial Agents 55(4): 105944.
Batista, N.J.C., Cavalcante, A.A.C.M., Oliveira, M.G.,
Medeiros, E.C.N., Machado, J.L., Evangelista, S.R., Dias, J.F., Dos Santos,
C.E.I., Duarte, A., da Silva, F.R. & da Silva, J. 2016. Genotoxic and
mutagenic evaluation of water samples from a river under the influence of different
anthropogenic activities. Chemosphere 164:
134-141.
Bennett,
N.J., Finkbeiner, E.M., Ban, N.C., Belhabib, D., Jupiter, S.D., Kittinger,
J.N., Mangubhai, S., Schiltens,
J. & Christie, P. 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic, small-scale fisheries and
coastal fishing communities. Coastal
Management 48(4): 336-347.
Bilkovic, D.M., Mitchell, M.M.,
Davis, J., Herman, J., Andrews, E., King, A., Mason, P., Tahvildari,
N., Davis, J. & Lixon, R.L. 2019. Defining boat
wake impacts on shoreline stability toward management and policy solutions. Ocean and Coastal Management 182:
104945.
Boano, F., Caruso, A., Costamagna, E., Ridolfi, L., Fiore, S., Demichelis,
F., Galvao, A., Pisoeiro,
J., Rizzo, A. & Masi, F. 2020. A review of
nature-based solutions for greywater treatment: Applications, hydraulic design,
and environmental benefits. Science of
The Total Environment 711: 134731.
Bondad-Reantaso,
M.G., Mackinnon, B., Bin, H., Jie, H., Tang-Nelson,
K., Surachetpong, W., Alday-Sanz,
V., Salman, M., Brun, E., Karunasagar, I., Hanson,
L., Sumption, K., Barange, M., Lovatelli,
A., Sunarto, A., Fejzic,
N., Subasinghe, R., Mathiesen,
A.M. & Shariff, M. 2020. SARS-CoV-2 (The cause of COVID-19 in humans) is
not known to infect aquatic food animals nor contaminate their products. Asian Fisheries Science 33(1): 74-78.
Braga, F., Scarpa, G.M., Brando, V.E., Manfe,
G. & Zaggia, L. 2020. COVID-19 lockdown measures
reveal human impact on water transparency in the Venice Lagoon. Science of The Total Environment 736:
139612.
Brodersen, K.E., Koren, K., Revsbech, N.P. &
Kuhl, M. 2020. Strong leaf surface basification and CO2 limitation
of seagrass induced by epiphytic biofilm microenvironments. Plant, Cell and Environment 43: 174-187.
Brunton, J. 2020. Nature is taking back Venice: Wildlife
returns to tourist-free city. The Guardian 20 Mar. 2020.
hhps://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/mar/20/nature-is-taking-back-venice-wildlife-returns-to-tourist-free-city.
Burgin, S. & Hardiman, N. 2011. The direct physical,
chemical and biotic impacts on Australian coastal waters due to recreational
boating. Biodiversity and Conservation 20: 683-701.
Chakraborty,
C., Sharma, A.R., Bhattacharya, M., Sharma, G. & Lee, S.S. 2020. The 2019
novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic: A zoonotic prospective. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 13: 242-246.
Chen,
K., Wang, M., Huang, C., Kinney, P.L. & Anastas,
P.T. 2020. Air pollution reduction and mortality benefit during the COVID-19
outbreak in China. The Lancet Planetary
Health 4(6): 210-222.
Connell, S.D., Doubleday, Z.A., Hamlyn, S.B., Foster, N.R.,
Harley, C.D.G., Helmuth, B., Kelaher, B.P., Nagelkerken, I., Sara, G. & Russell, B.D. 2017. How
ocean acidification can benefit calcifiers. Current Biology 27: 95-96.
Courtene-Jones, W., Quinn, B.,
Murphy, S.F. & Narayanaswamy, B.E. 2017. Optimisation of enzymatic digestion and validation of
specimen preservation methods for the analysis of ingested microplastics. Analytical Methods 9: 1437-1445.
Deshwal, V.K.
2020. COVID 19: A comparative study of Asian, European, American continent. International Journal of Scientific Research
and Engineering Development 3: 436-440.
DeVries, T., Holzer, M. & Primeau,
F. 2017. Recent increase in oceanic carbon uptake driven by weaker upper-ocean
overturning. Nature 542: 215-218.
Dionisio, D., Motheo, A.J., Saez,
C. & Rodrigo, M.A. 2018. Effect of the electrolyte on the electrolysis and photoelectrolysis of synthetic methyl paraben polluted
wastewater. Separation and Purification
Technology 208: 201-207.
Doney, S.C., Fabry, V.J.,
Feely, R.A. & Kleypas, J.A. 2009. Ocean
acidification: The other CO2 problem. Annual Review of Marine Science 1: 169-192.
Dutheil, F., Baker, J.S. &
Navel, V. 2020. COVID-19 as a factor influencing air pollution? Environmental Pollution 263: 114466.
Edinger,
E.N., Jompa, J., Limmon,
G.V., Widjatmoko, W. & Risk, M.J. 1998. Reef
degradation and coral biodiversity in Indonesia: Effects of land-based
pollution, destructive fishing practices and changes over time. Marine Pollution Bulletin 36(8):
617-630.
Edward,
J.K.P., Jayanthi, M., Malleshappa, H., Jeyasanta, I., Laju, R.L.,
Patterson, J., Diraviya Raj, K., Mathews, G., Marimuthu, A.S. & Grimsditch,
G. 2021. COVID-19 lockdown improved the health of coastal environment and
enhanced the population of reef-fish. Marine
Pollution Bulletin 165: 112124.
Eerkes-Medrano, D., Thompson,
R.C. & Aldrigde, D.C. 2015. Microplastics in
freshwater systems: A review of the emerging threats, identification of
knowledge gaps and prioritisation of research needs. Water Research 75: 63-82.
Eriksen, M., Lebreton, L.C.M., Carson,
H.S., Rhiel, M., Moore, C.J. & Borerro, J.C. 2014. Plastic pollution in the world's
oceans: More than 5 trillion plastic pieces weighing over 250,000 tons afloat
at sea. PLoS ONE 9(12): e111913.
Fanin, A., Calegari,
J., Beverina, A. & Tiraboschi,
S. 2020. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19. Internal and Emergency Medicine 15:
841-843.
Fattorini, D. & Regoli, F. 2020. Role of the chronic air pollution levels
in the Covid-19 outbreak risk in Italy. Environmental
Pollution 264: 114732.
Fernandes, A.M., Conceição, F.T.
& Mortatt, J. 2020. Hydrochemistry applied to
assess the chemical weathering and soil removal rates in the Sorocaba River
basin, São Paulo State. Brazilian Journal
of Geology 50: e20190030.
Freitas, E.D., Ibarra-Espinosa, S.A. & Gavidia-Calderón, M.E. 2020. Mobility restrictions and air
quality under COVID-19 pandemic in São Paulo, Brazil. Preprints 2020: 040515.
Gagliano, M., McCormick, M.I., Moore, J.A. & Depczynski, M. 2010. The basics of acidification: Baseline
variability of pH on Australian coral reefs. Marine Biology 157: 1849-1856.
Goi, C.L.
2020. The river water quality before and during the Movement Control Order
(MCO) in Malaysia. Case Studies in
Chemical and Environmental Engineering 2: 100027.
Gordon,
L.J. 2020. The Covid‑19 pandemic stress the need to build resilient
production ecosystems. Agriculture and
Human Values 37: 645-646.
Hamzelou, J.
2020. World in lockdown. NewScientist 245: 7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0262-4079(20)30611-4.
Hemida, M.G. & Abduallah, M.M.B. 2020. The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak from a one
health perspective. One Health 10:
100127.
Hughes, T.P., Barnes, M.L., Bellwood, D.R., Cinner, J.E., Cumming, G.S., Jackson, J.B.C., Kleypas, J., van de Leemput,
I.A., Lough, J.M., Morrison, T.H., Palumbi, S.R., van Nes, E.H. & Scheffer,
M. 2017. Coral reefs in the Anthropocene. Nature 546: 82-90.
Jiang,
J., Li, S., Wang, X., Li, C., Sun, Z., Liu, W., Duan,
F. & Fu, X. 2021. Study of the relationship between sound signals and
behaviors of a sperm whale during the hunting process. Applied Acoustics 174: 107745.
Jobling, S., Williams, R., Johnson, A., Taylor, A.,
Gross-Sorokin, M., Nolan, M., Tyler, C.R., van Aerle,
R., Santos, E. & Brighty, G. 2006. Predicted
exposures to steroid estrogens in U.K. rivers correlate with widespread sexual
disruption in wild fish populations. Environmental
Health Perspective 114(1): 32-39.
King, C., Iba, W. & Clifton, J.
2021. Reimagining resilience: COVID-19 and marine tourism in Indonesia. Current Issues in Tourism https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2021.1873920.
Kitidis, V., Brown, I. &
Hardman-Mountford, N. 2017. Surface ocean carbon
dioxide during the Atlantic Meridional transect (1995-2013): Evidence of ocean
acidification. Progress in Oceanography 158: 65-75.
Korten, T. 2020. With boats
stuck in harbor because of COVID-19, will fish bounce back? https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/fish-stop-covid-19-180974623.
Lau,
H., Khosrawipour, V., Kobach, P., Mikolajczyk,
A., Schubert, J., Bania, J. & Khosrawipour,
T. 2020. The positive impact of lockdown in Wuhan on containing the COVID-19
outbreak in China. Journal of Travel
Medicine 27: 37.
Lee,
J.N. & Mohamed, C.A.R. 2011. Accumulation of settling particles in some
coral reef areas of Peninsular Malaysia. Sains Malaysiana 40(6): 549-554.
Li, H.,
Liang, S., Liang, Y., Li, K., Qi, J., Yang, X., Feng, C., Cai, Y. & Yang,
Z. 2021. Multi-pollutant based grey water footprint of Chinese regions. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 164: 105202.
Liang, X., Cui, S., Li, H., Abdelhady,
A., Wang, H. & Zhou, H. 2019. Removal effect on stormwater runoff pollution
of porous concrete treated with nanometer titanium dioxide. Transportation Research Part D: Transport
and Environment 73: 34-45.
Loflen, C.L.,
Buck, T., Bonnema, A. & Heim, W.A. 2018.
Pollutant bioaccumulation in the California spiny lobster (Panulirus interruptus) in San Diego Bay, California, and potential human
health implications. Marine Pollution
Bulletin 128: 585-592.
Lokhandwala, S. & Gautam,
P. 2020. Indirect impact of COVID-19 on environment: A brief study in Indian
context. Environmental Research 188:
109807.
Lough,
J.M., Anderson, K.D. & Hughes, T.P. 2018. Increasing thermal stress for
tropical coral reefs: 1871-2017. Scientific
Report 6: 6079.
Lu, H.,
Stratton, C.W. & Tang, Y. 2020. Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology
in Wuhan China: The mystery and the miracle. Journal of Medical Virology 92: 401-402.
Mazzoni, R., Pinto, M.P., Ingesias-Rios, R. & Costa, R. 2018. Fish movement in an
Atlantic Forest stream. Neotropical
Ichthyology 16: e170065.
Mitra, A., Chaudhuri, T.R., Mitra, A., Pramanick,
P. & Zaman, S. 2020. Impact of COVID-19 related shutdown on atmospheric
carbon dioxide level in the city of Kolkata. Parana Journal of Science and Education 6(3): 84-92.
Nicola,
M., Alsafi, Z., Sohrabi,
C., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabir, A., Losifidis,
C., Agha, M. & Agha, R. 2020. The socio-economic implications of the
coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review. International
Journal of Surgery 78: 185-193.
Nollens, H.H., Wellehan, J.F.X., Archer, L., Lowenstine,
L.J. & Gulland, F.M.D. 2010. Detection of a respiratory coronavirus from
tissues archived during a pneumonia epizootic in free-ranging Pacific harbor
seals Phoca vitulina richardsii. Diseases
of Aquatic Organisms 90(2): 113-120.
Noutsopoulos, C., Andreadakis, A., Kouris, N., Charchousi, D., Mendrinou, P.
& Galani, A. 2017. Greywater characterization and
loadings - Physicochemical treatment to promote onsite reuse. Journal of Environmental Management 216:
337-346.
Oktor, K. & Dicle, Ç. 2019. Treatment of wash basin and bathroom
greywater with Chlorella variabilis and
reusability. Journal of Water Process
Engineering 31: 100857.
Omar, T.F.T., Aris, A.Z., Yusoff,
F.M. & Mustafa, S. 2019a. Risk assessment of pharmaceutically active
compounds (PhACs) in the Klang River estuary, Malaysia. Environmental
Geochemistry and Health 41(1): 211-223.
Omar, T.F.T., Aris, A.Z., Yusoff,
F.M. & Mustafa, S. 2019b. Occurrence and level of emerging organic contaminant
in fish and mollusk from Klang River estuary,
Malaysia and assessment on human health risk. Environmental Pollution 248: 763-773.
Omar, T.F.T., Aris, A.Z., Yusoff,
F.M. & Mustafa, S. 2018. Occurrence, distribution, and sources of emerging
organic contaminants in tropical coastal sediments of anthropogenically
impacted Klang River estuary, Malaysia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 131: 284-293.
Ong,
M.C. & Gan, S.L. 2017. Assessment of metallic trace elements in the muscles
and fins of four landed elasmobranchs from Kuala Terengganu Waters, Malaysia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 124:
1001-1005.
Peng, C., Zhao, X. & Liu, G. 2015. Noise in the sea and
its impacts on marine organisms. International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12: 12304-12323.
Praveena, S.M.
& Aris, A.Z. 2021. The impacts of COVID-19 on the environmental
sustainability: A perspective from the Southeast Asian region. Environmental Science and Pollution Research
2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11774-0.
Praveena, S.M., Shaifuddin, S.N.M., Sukiman, S.,
Nasir, F.A.M., Hanafi, Z. & Kamarudin, N. 2018.
Pharmaceuticals residues in selected tropical surface water bodies from
Selangor (Malaysia): Occurrence and potential risk assessments. Science of The Total Environment 642:
230-240.
Praveena, S.M.,
Siraj, S.S. & Aris, A.Z. 2012. Coral reefs studies and threats in Malaysia:
A mini review. Reviews in Environmental
Science and Biotechnology 11: 27-39.
Quilliam, R.S., Weidmann, M., Moresco, V., Purshouse, H., O’Hara, Z. & Oliver, D.M. 2020.
COVID-19: The environmental implications of shedding SARS-CoV-2 in human faeces. Environment
International 140: 105790.
Rako-Gospić,
N. & Picciulin, M. 2019. Underwater noise:
Sources and effects on marine life. World
Seas: An Environmental Evaluation (Second Edition) 2019: 367-389.
Raven, J.A. 2005. Ocean
Acidification due to Increasing Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide. London: The
Royal Society. p. 59.
Saadat,
S., Rawtani, D. & Hussain, C.M. 2020.
Environmental perspective of COVID-19. Science
of The Total Environment 728: 138870.
Sagerman, J., Hansen, J.P. & Wikström,
S.A. 2020. Effects of boat traffic and mooring infrastructure on aquatic
vegetation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ambio 49: 517-530.
Salleh, S.M., Sah, S.A.M. & Chodhury, A.J.K. 2018. Assessing nesting status of green
turtles, Chelonia mydas in Perak,
Malaysia. Tropical Life Sciences Research 29: 155-171.
Seraphim,
M.J., Sloman, K.A., Alexander, M.E., Janetski, N., Jompa, J., Ambo-Rappe, R., Snellgrove, D., Mars,
F. & Harborne, A.R. 2020. Interactions between coral restoration and fish
assemblages: Implications for reef management. Journal of Fish Biology 97(3): 633-655.
Shereen,
M.A., Khan, S., Kazmi, A., Bashir, N. & Siddique, R. 2020. COVID-19
infection: Origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses. Journal of Advanced Research 24: 91-98.
Sim, W.J., Kim, H.Y., Choi, S.D., Kwon, J.H. & Oh, J.E.
2013. Evaluation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products with emphasis on anthelmintics in human sanitary waste, sewage,
hospital wastewater, livestock wastewater and receiving water. Journal of Hazardous Materials 248:
219-227.
Sohrabi, C., Alsafi, Z., O'Neill, N., Khan, M., Kerwan,
A., Al-Jabir, A., Iosifidis, C. & Agha, R. 2020.
World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel
coronavirus (COVID-19). International
Journal of Surgery 76: 71-76.
Steneck, R.S.,
Arnold, S.N., Boenish, R., de Leon, R., Mumby, P.J.,
Rasher, D.B. & Wilson, M. W. 2019. Managing recovery resilience in coral
reefs against climate-induced bleaching and hurricanes: A 15 years case study
from Bonaire, Dutch Caribbean. Frontier
in Marine Science 6: 265.
Stocker, M. 2002. Ocean bio-acoustics and noise pollution:
Fish, mollusks and other sea animals' use of sound, and the impact of
anthropogenic noise on the marine acoustic environment. Soundscape: The Journal of
the Acoustical Society of America 3-4(1): 16-29.
Suhaimi, N.F., Jalaludin, J. & Latif, M.T. 2020. Demystifying a
possible relationship between COVID-19, air quality and meteorological factors:
Evidence from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Aerosol
and Air Quality Research 20: 1520-1529.
The Guardian. 2020. 'More Masks than Jellyfish': Coronavirus
Waste Ends up in Ocean. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jun/08/more-masks-than-jellyfish-coronavirus-waste-ends-up-in-ocean.
The Star. 25 April 2020. Thanks to MCO, Sungai Melaka is
Green and Clean. https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/04/25/thanks-to-mco-sungai-melaka-is-green-and-clean.
Thomson, D.J.M. & Barclay, D.R. 2020. Real-time
observations of the impact of COVID-19 on underwater noise. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 147: 3390.
Tobías, A., Carnerero,
C., Reche, C., Massagué,
J., Via, M., Minguillón, M.C., Alastuey,
A. & Querol, X. 2020. Changes in air quality
during the lockdown in Barcelona (Spain) one month into the SARS-CoV-2
epidemic. Science of The Total
Environment 726: 138540.
Turner, R.D.R., Warne, M.S.J., Dawes, L.A., Thompson, K.
& Will, G.D. 2019. Greywater irrigation as a source of organic
micro-pollutants to shallow groundwater and nearby surface water. Science of The Total Environment 669:
570-578.
van Doremalen, N., Morris, D.H.,
Holbrook, M.G., Gamble, A., Williamson, B.N., Tamin,
A., Lloyd-Smith, J.O. & de Wit, E. 2020. Aerosol and surface stability of
SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. The
New England Journal of Medicine 382(16): 1564-1567.
Van
Lancker, W. & Parolin, Z. 2020. COVID-19, school closures, and child
poverty: A social crisis in the making. The
Lancet 5: 243-244.
Wang,
Q. & Su, M. 2020. A preliminary assessment of the impact of COVID-19 on
environment: A case study of China. Science
of The Total Environment 728: 138915.
Wenham,
C., Smith, J. & Morgan, R. 2020. COVID-19: The gendered impacts of the
outbreak. The Lancet 395: 846-848.
WHO.
2020. Q&A on coronaviruses (COVID-19). https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses.
Williamson, P., Turley, C.M. & Ostle,
C. 2017. Ocean acidification. MCCIP
Science Review 2017: 1-14.
Woo, P.C.Y., Lau, S.K.P., Lam, C.S.F. & Tsang, A.K.L.
2014. Discovery of a novel bottlenose dolphin coronavirus reveals a distinct
species of marine mammal coronavirus in Gammacoronavirus. Journal
of Virology 88(2): 1318-1331.
World Economic Forum. 2020. How Face Masks, Gloves and
Other Coronavirus Waste is Polluting Our Ocean. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/06/ppe-masks-gloves-coronavirus-ocean-pollution/.
Zanin, G.M., Gentile, E., Parisi, A. & Spasiano, D.
2020. A preliminary evaluation of the public risk perception related to the
COVID-19 health emergency in Italy. International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17: 3024.
Zhao, X., Liao, X., Chen, B., Tillotson, M.R., Guo, W. &
Li, Y. 2019. Accounting global grey water footprint from both consumption and
production perspectives. Journal of
Cleaner Production 225: 963-971.
Zhu, Y., Xie, J., Huang, F. &
Cao, L. 2020a. Association between short-term exposure to air pollution and
COVID-19 infection: Evidence from China. Science
of The Total Environment 727: 138704.
Zhu, L., Ciais, P., Zhu, Deng,, Ruixue, L., Davis, S.J., Sha, F., Zheng, B., Cui, D., Dou,
X., Zhu, B., Guo, R., Ke, P., Sun, T., Lu, C., He,
P., Wang, Y., Yue, X., Wang, Y., Lei, Y., Zhou, H., Cai, Z., Wu, Y., Guo, R.,
Han, T., Xue, J., Boucher, O., Boucher, E., Chevallier, F., Tanaka, K., Wei, Y., Zhong, H., Kang, C.,
Zhang, N., Chen, B., Xi, F., Liu, M., Bréon, F-M.,
Lu, Y., Zhang, Q., Guan, D., Gong, P., Kammen, D.M.,
He, K. & Schellnhuber, H.J. 2020b. Near-real-time
monitoring of global CO2 emissions reveals the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Nature Communication 11: 5172.
*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: ong@umt.edu.my
|
|||
|
