Sains Malaysiana 51(12)(2022): 4111-4224

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2022-5112-19

Peningkatan Kecekapan Elektrik Sistem Suria Hibrid Fotovoltan Terma-Termoelektrik (PVT-TE) oleh Kesan Termoelektrik

(Electrical Efficiency Enhancement of Thermal-Thermoelectric Photovoltaic Hybrid Solar System (PVT-TE) by Thermoelectric Effect)

NURUL SYAKIRAH NAZRI¹, AHMAD FUDHOLI^{1, 2}, MASITA MOHAMMAD^1,*, CUK SUPRIYADI ALI NANDAR², HENNY SUDIBYO², HAZNAN ABIMANYU², KAMARUZZAMAN SOPIAN¹ & MOHD ADIB IBRAHIM¹

¹Solar Energy Research Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

²Research Center for Energy Conversion and Conservation, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia

Diserahkan: 17 Jun 2022/Diterima: 15 Ogos 2022

Abstrak

Sistem fotovoltan terma (PVT) menggunakan fotovoltan dan pengumpul haba suria untuk mendapatkan haba dan elektrik. Memandangkan kedua-dua haba dan elektrik boleh dijana dan digunakan secara serentak, sistem PVT mempunyai keluaran tenaga yang lebih besar bagi setiap unit luas daripada modul PV atau pengumpul haba suria kendiri. Pengumpul PVT berasaskan udara menggunakan udara sebagai medium pemindahan haba dan corak aliran memberi kesan kepada prestasi pengumpul. Uji kaji telah dijalankan untuk menilai prestasi haba dan elektrik bagi pengumpul PVT berasaskan udara. Gabungan antara penjana termoelektrik (TE) dengan sistem PVT ialah cara yang inovatif untuk meningkatkan lagi penukaran tenaga suria dan meningkatkan kuasa elektrik. Selain mengurangkan suhu permukaan sel PV, kecerunan terma yang disebabkan oleh haba yang dijana dalam modul PV boleh menjana elektrik kerana kesan Seebeck oleh modul TE. Di samping itu, gabungan kedua-dua sistem mempunyai potensi untuk meningkatkan prestasi disebabkan oleh kesan tambahan kedua-dua sistem. Penjana termoelektrik dapat menggunakan sisa haba sistem suria untuk mencipta tenaga tambahan seterusnya meningkatkan jumlah keluaran kuasa dan kecekapan sistem hibrid PVT-TE. Kesan kadar alir jisim dan keamatan sinaran juga diselidik. Kajian dilakukan pada kadar alir jisim udara 0.009 kg/s, 0.021 kg/s, 0.039 kg/s, 0.069 kg/s dan 0.095 kg/s dan keamatan cahaya antara 455.64 W/m² hingga 795.18 W/m². Nilai ini digunakan dalam menghitung kecekapan terma dan elektrik bagi sistem PVT yang dicadangkan. Kuasa keluaran keseluruhan sistem PVT dibandingkan antara keadaan 'dengan TE' dan 'tanpa TE'. Secara keseluruhannya, pertambahan kuasa keluaran bagi sistem PVT-TE adalah lebih tinggi berbanding sistem PVT sebanyak 32.59% hingga 55.93%.

Kata kunci: Fotovoltan terma; kecekapan elektrik; pengumpul suria; termoelektrik

Abstract

A photovoltaic thermal (PVT) system uses a photovoltaic and a solar thermal collector to create heat and electricity. Since both heat and electricity may be generated and consumed concurrently, PVT systems have a greater energy output per unit area than PV modules or solar thermal collectors. Air-based PVT collectors employ air as a heat transfer medium and flow patterns impact collector performance. Experiments were used to evaluate the thermal and electrical performance of an air-based PVT collector. In addition to lowering the surface temperature of PV cells, the thermoelectric Seebeck effect enables the thermal gradient induced by the heat generated in the PV module to generate electricity. Combining thermoelectric generators (TE) with PVT systems is an innovative way to further enhance solar energy conversion and increase electric power. In addition, the combination of both systems has the potential to improve performance owing to the compensatory effects of both systems. The thermoelectric generator may utilise the solar system's waste heat to create extra energy, therefore enhancing the hybrid system's total power output and efficiency of the PVT-TE system. The effect of mass flow rate and radiation intensity is also being investigated. Experimental studies were carried out at airflow rate of 0.009 kg/s, 0.021 kg/s, 0.039 kg/s, 0.069 kg/s and 0.095 kg/s and radiation intensities in the range of 455.64 W/m² to 795.18 W/m². These readings were used in calculating the thermal and electrical efficiency of the proposed PVT system. The output PVT power was compared between ‘with TE’ and ‘without TE’ conditions. Overall, the output power of the PVT-TE system is also higher than the PVT system in the range of 32.59% to 55.93%.

Keyword: Electrical efficiency; photovoltaic thermal; solar collector; thermoelectric

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^*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: masita@ukm.edu.my