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Sains Malaysiana 51(8)(2022):
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2022-5108-13
Synthesis of ISO Grade 46 and 68 Biolubricant from Palm Kernel Fatty Acids
(Sintesis Biopelincir ISO Gred 46 dan 68 daripada Asid Lemak Isirong Sawit)
MURAD BAHADI1,2,
JUMAT SALIMON1 & DARFIZZI DERAWI1,*
1Laboratory
for Biolubricant, Biofuels and Bioenergy Research,
Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,
43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
2Faculty of
Education, Hadhramout University, Hadhramout,
Yemen
Diserahkan: 5 September 2021/Diterima: 3 Februari 2022
ABSTRACT
Bio-based
lubricant is crucial to be developed considering the toxicity risk, climate
change, energy security, and green-environmental approach. Palm kernel fatty
acids based biolubricants were synthesized by the
homogeneous acid-catalyzed esterification reaction between palm kernel fatty
acids with selected polyhydric alcohols; trimethylolpropane (TMP),
di-trimethylolpropane (Di-TMP), and pentaerythritol (PE). The reaction
optimization is done using a D-optimal design based on four parameters; the
ratio of reactants, reaction time, reaction temperature, and catalyst loading.
The optimum yield range between 80 and 87%, with more than 93% the selectivity
of biolubricant products. The chemical structures of
synthesized Palm kernel fatty acids-based biolubricants were characterized and confirmed using FTIR, NMR (1H and 13C)
spectroscopies, and GC-FID chromatography. The FTIR spectra of palm kernel
fatty acids-based biolubricants products clearly
showed the peaks of C=O and C–O of the ester group at 1741-1740 cm-1 and 1234-1152 cm-1, respectively. Furthermore, 1H NMR
spectra confirmed the ester group's proton chemical shift (-CH2-O-)
at 3.96-4.11 ppm. The 13C NMR spectra confirmed the carbon chemical
shifts of ester carbonyl (C=O) signals at 173.5-173.2 ppm. The results for
lubrication properties have shown that the palm kernel fatty acids based biolubricants have low-temperature properties with pour
points value in the range of -5 to -10 °C, a high flash point of 320-360 °C, a
high viscosity index (VI) of 140.86-154.8, the kinematic viscosity of
41.76-87.06 cSt (40 °C), 8.73-14.77 cSt (100 °C), and thermal stability over 210 °C. All
synthetic lubricants are categorized as ISO 46 (TMP triester)
and ISO 68 (Di-TMP tetraester and PE tetraester).
Keywords: Biolubricant; fatty acids; palm kernel; polyhydric
alcohols; polyol esters
ABSTRAK
Pelincir berasaskan bio adalah penting untuk dibangunkan dengan mengambil kira risiko ketoksikan, perubahan iklim, keselamatan tenaga dan pendekatan persekitaran hijau. Pelincir berasaskan asid lemak isirong sawit telah disintesis oleh tindak balas pengesteran bermangkin asid homogen antara asid lemak isirong sawit dengan alkohol polihidrik terpilih;
trimethylolpropane (TMP), di-trimethylolpropane (Di-TMP) dan pentaerythritol
(PE). Pengoptimuman tindak balas dilakukan menggunakan reka bentuk D-optimum berdasarkan empat parameter; nisbah bahan tindak balas,
masa tindak balas, suhu tindak balas dan beban mangkin. Julat hasil optimum antara 80 dan 87%, dengan lebih daripada 93% selektiviti produk biopelincir. Struktur kimia biopelincir berasaskan asid lemak isirong sawit yang disintesis telah diciri dan disahkan menggunakan spektroskopi FTIR,
NMR (1H dan 13C) dan kromatografi GC-FID. Spektrum
FTIR bagi produk biopelincir berasaskan asid lemak isirong sawit jelas menunjukkan puncak C=O dan C–O kumpulan ester masing-masing pada 1741-1740 cm-1 dan 1234-1152 cm-1. Tambahan pula, spektrum 1H NMR mengesahkan anjakan kimia proton kumpulan ester (-CH2-O-) pada 3.96-4.11 ppm. Spektrum 13C
NMR mengesahkan anjakan kimia karbon bagi isyarat karbonil ester
(C=O) pada 173.5-173.2 ppm. Keputusan untuk sifat pelinciran telah menunjukkan bahawa biopelincir berasaskan asid lemak isirong sawit mempunyai sifat suhu rendah dengan nilai titik tuang dalam julat -5 hingga -10 °C, takat kilat tinggi 320-360 °C, kelikatan yang tinggi. Indeks (VI) 140.86-154.8, kelikatan kinematik 41.76-87.06 cSt (40 °C), 8.73-14.77 cSt (100 °C) dan kestabilan terma melebihi 210 °C. Semua pelincir sintetik dikategorikan sebagai ISO 46 (TMP triester) dan ISO 68 (Di-TMP tetraester dan PE tetraester).
Kata kunci: Alkohol polihidrik; asid lemak; biopelincir; ester poliol; isirung kelapa sawit
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*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: darfizzi@ukm.edu.my
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