 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
Sains Malaysiana 51(8)(2022):
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2022-5108-12
Microplastics in Cosmetics and Personal Care
Products: Impacts on Aquatic Life and Rodents with Potential Alternatives
(Mikroplastik dalam Produk Kosmetik
dan Penjagaan Diri: Implikasi terhadap Kehidupan Akuatik dan Roden dengan
Alternatif Berpotensi)
NUR ANIS SOFIAH M RAHIM1, FARIDA
ISLAHUDIN2, NURFAIZAH ABU TAHRIM3 & MALINA JASAMAI1,*
1Centre
for Drug & Herbal Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory,
Malaysia
2Quality
Use of Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan
Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia
3Department
of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Diserahkan: 12 Ogos 2021/Diterima: 18 Februari 2022
ABSTRACT
Keywords: Contaminant; cosmetics; environment; microplastic;
personal care products
ABSTRAK
Mikroplastik ialah
pencemar alam sekitar dan lebih membimbangkan apabila ia digunakan dalam jumlah
yang besar di dalam kosmetik dan produk penjagaan diri. Ini mengakibatkan
pelepasan mikroplastik ke alam sekitar secara berterusan dan ia memberi
implikasi yang serius terhadap ekosistem dan kesihatan manusia. Sorotan kajian
dijalankan di Medline, Mendeley, Science Direct dan Scopus, dengan mengumpulkan
artikel yang berkaitan dari tahun 2014-2021. Jenis mikroplastik yang biasa
digunakan dalam produk ini ialah polietilena (PE), polipropilena (PP),
polietilena tereftalat (PET) dan poli (metil metakrilat) (PMMA). Ia biasanya
merupakan bahan tambah dalam ubat gigi, gel mandian, syampu, krim, pembayang
mata, deodoran, serbuk pemerah pipi, asas solekan dan krim kulit sebagai
pengelupas, pengemulsi, agen pengikat, agen pelegap, agen anti statik dan agen
pembentuk filem. Mikroplastik boleh menyebabkan tumbesaran terbantut,
ketidaksuburan dan kadar kelangsungan hidup yang rendah pada hidupan akuatik
dan ia juga telah dikaitkan dengan obesiti, ketidaksuburan, kanser dan diabetes
pada manusia. Banyak syarikat besar seperti
Unilever dan L'Oréal yang telah mengeluarkan mikroplastik daripada produk mereka atau
menggunakan alternatif seperti kitin, mikromanik berasaskan selulosa dan
plastik berasaskan bio. Maklumat tentang kesan jangka panjang mikroplastik
terhadap manusia masih terhad. Kesesuaian bahan menggantikan mikroplastik dan
keberkesanan kempen dan peraturan yang dilaksanakan tidak dinilai sepenuhnya.
Jurang penyelidikan yang dikenal pasti ini berguna untuk penyelidik lain
meneroka lebih lanjut mengenai subjek ini.
Kata
kunci: Alam sekitar; kosmetik; mikroplastik; pencemar; produk penjagaan diri
RUJUKAN
Abbasi, S. & Turner, A. 2021. Human exposure to microplastics: A study in Iran. Journal of Hazardous Materials 403: 123799.
Aja, O.C. & Al-Kayiem, H.H. 2014. Review of municipal solid waste management options in Malaysia, with an emphasis on sustainable waste-to-energy options. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 16(4): 693-710. Amin, R.M., Sohaimi,
E.S., Anuar, S.T. & Bachok, Z. 2020. Microplastic ingestion by zooplankton
in Terengganu coastal waters, southern South China Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 150: 110616.
Andrade, A.P., Witholt, B., Chang, D. & Li, Z.
2003. Synthesis and characterization of novel thermoplastic polyester
containing blocks of poly[(R)-3-hydroxyoctanoate] and poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate]. Macromolecules 36(26): 9830-9835.
Au, S.Y.,
Bruce, T.F., Bridges, W.C. & Klaine, S.J. 2015. Responses of Hyalella
azteca to acute and chronic microplastic exposures. Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry 34(11): 2564-2572.
Auta, H.S., Emenike, C.U. & Fauziah, S.H. 2017. Distribution and importance of microplastics in the marine environment: A review of the sources, fate, effects, and potential solutions. Environment International 102: 165-176. Avio, C.G., Gorbi, S., Milan, M., Benedetti, M., Fattorini, D., D’Errico, G., Pauletto, M., Bargelloni, L. & Regoli, F. 2015. Pollutants bioavailability and toxicological risk \from microplastics to marine mussels. Environmental Pollution 198: 211-222.
Azmi, A., Shukor, S., Abdullah, S.A., Ibrahim, Y.
& Anuar, S. 2016. Microplastics ingestion by Scapharca cornea at
Setiu Wetland, Terengganu, Malaysia. Middle-East
Journal of Scientific Research 24(6): 2129-2136.
Bashir, S.M., Kimiko, S., Mak, C.W., Fang, J.K.H.
& Gonçalves, D. 2021. Personal care and cosmetic products as a potential
source of environmental contamination by microplastics in a densely populated
Asian city. Frontiers in Marine Science 8: 683482.
Bergami, E., Bocci, E., Vannuccini, M.L., Monopoli, M., Salvati, A.,
Dawson, K.A. & Corsi, I. 2016. Nano-sized polystyrene affects feeding,
behavior and physiology of brine shrimp Artemia franciscana larvae. Ecotoxicology
and Environmental Safety 123: 18-25.
Browne, M.A., Galloway, T. & Thompson, R. 2009.
Microplastics - An emerging contaminant of potential concern? Integrated
Environmental Assessment and Management 3(4): 559-561.
Cole, M., Lindeque, P.,
Fileman, E., Halsband, C. & Galloway, T.S. 2015. The impact of polystyrene
microplastics on feeding, function and fecundity in the marine copepod Calanus
helgolandicus. Environmental Science & Technology 49(2):
1130-1137.
Cong, Y.,
Jin, F., Tian, M., Wang, J., Shi, H., Wang, Y. & Mu, J. 2019. Ingestion,
egestion and post-exposure effects of polystyrene microspheres on marine medaka
(Oryzias melastigma). Chemosphere 228: 93-100.
Connor, S.
& Swinburne, Z. 2014. Beauty brands pledge to end use of microbeads in
their products. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/beauty-brands-pledge-to-end-use-of-microbeads-in-their-products-9431984.html. Accessed on 3 February 2022.
Cosmetics Europe. 2021. All about plastic microbeads. https://cosmeticseurope.eu/. Accessed on 8 June 2021.
Cosmetics Europe. 2017. Cosmetics
Europe survey shows an 82% reduction in use of plastic microbeads. https://www.cosmeticseurope.eu/news-events/reduction-use-plastic-microbeads. Accessed on 8 June 2021.
Cox, K.D., Covernton, G.A., Davies, H.L., Dower, J.F.,
Juanes, F. & Dudas, S.E. 2019. Human consumption of microplastics. Environmental
Science & Technology 53(12): 7068-7074.
da Costa
Araújo, A.P. & Malafaia, G. 2021. Microplastic ingestion induces behavioral
disorders in mice: A preliminary study on the trophic transfer effects via
tadpoles and fish. Journal of Hazardous Materials 401: 123263.
de Sá, L.C.,
Luís, L.G. & Guilhermino, L. 2015. Effects of microplastics on juveniles of
the common goby (Pomatoschistus microps): Confusion with prey, reduction
of the predatory performance and efficiency, and possible influence of
developmental conditions. Environmental Pollution 196: 359-362.
Deng, Y.,
Zhang, Y., Lemos, B. & Ren, H. 2017. Tissue accumulation of microplastics
in mice and biomarker responses suggest widespread health risks of exposure. Scientific
Reports 7(1): 1-10.
Eunomia. 2016. Study to support the
development of measures to combat a range of marine litter sources. https://www.eunomia.co.uk/reports-tools/study-to-support-the-development-of-measures-to-combat-a-range-of-marine-litter-sources/. Accessed on 20
October 2021.
FDA. 2015. Microbead-free waters act of 2015. https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetics-laws-regulations/microbead-free-waters-act-faqs. Accessed on
20 October 2021.
Fendall, L.S. & Sewell, M.A. 2009. Contributing to
marine pollution by washing your face: Microplastics in facial cleansers. Marine
Pollution Bulletin 58(8): 1225-1228.
Fok, L., Lam, T.W.L., Li, H.X. & Xu, X.R. 2020. A
meta-analysis of methodologies adopted by microplastic studies in China. Science
of the Total Environment 718: 135371.
Fournier, E.,
Etienne-Mesmin, L., Grootaert, C., Jelsbak, L., Syberg, K., Blanquet-Diot, S.
& Mercier-Bonin, M. 2021. Microplastics in the human digestive environment:
A focus on the potential and challenges facing in vitro gut model
development. Journal of Hazardous Materials 415: 125632.
Frias, J.P.G.L. & Nash, R. 2019. Microplastics:
Finding a consensus on the definition. Marine
Pollution Bulletin 138: 145-147.
GESAMP. 2015. Sources, fate and effects of plastics
and microplastics in the marine environment. http://www.gesamp.org/work/groups/40. Accessed on 29 June 2021.
Global Data. 2020. Malaysia’s Cosmetics &
Toiletries Industry to Grow at a CAGR of 2.8% through 2019-24. https://www.globaldata.com/malaysias-cosmetics-toiletries-industry-grow-cagr-2-8-2019-24-says-globaldata/. Accessed on 3 February 2022.
Godoy, V.,
Martinez-Ferez, A., Martin-Lara, M.A., Vellido-Perez, J.A., Calero, M. &
Blazquez, G. 2020. Microplastics as vectors of chromium and lead during dynamic
simulation of the human gastrointestinal tract. Sustainability 12(11):
4792.
Gorth, D. & Webster, T.J. 2011. Matrices for
tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In Biomaterials for Artificial
Organs, edited by Lysaght, M. & Webster, T. Cambridge: Woodhead
Publishing. pp. 270-286.
Gouin, T., Avalos, J., Brunning, I., Brzuska, K., de
Graaf, J., Kaumanns, J., Koning, T., Meyberg, M., Rettinger, K., Schlatter, H.,
Thomas, J., van Welie, R. & Wolf, T. 2015. Use of microplastic beads in
cosmetic products in Europe and their estimated emissions to the North Sea
environment. International Journal for Applied Science 141(4): 40-46.
Greenpeace. 2016. Global Cosmetics and
Personal Care Companies’ Microbead Commitment Ranking 2016. http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/press-releases/microbeadranking
industry-disarray-shows-need-political-ban-says-greenpeace-20160720/. Accessed on 29 June 2021.
Greven, A.C.,
Merk, T., Karagoz, F., Mohr, K., Klapper, M., Jovanovic, B. & Palic, D.
2016. Polycarbonate and polystyrene nanoplastic particles act as stressors to
the innate immune system of fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry 35: 3093-3100.
Hazer, B. & Steinbüchel, A. 2007. Increased
diversification of polyhydroxyalkanoates by modification reactions for
industrial and medical applications. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 74(1): 1-12.
Horton, A.A., Walton, A., Spurgeon, D.J., Lahive, E.
& Svendsen, C. 2017. Microplastics in freshwater and terrestrial
environments: Evaluating the current understanding to identify the knowledge
gaps and future research priorities. Science
of the Total Environment 586: 127-141.
Hyeong, C.N. & Won, H.P. 2020. Eco-friendly poly (lactic
acid) microbeads for cosmetics via melt electrospraying. International
Journal of Biological Macromolecules 157: 734-742.
Ibrahim, Y.S., Tuan Anuar, S., Azmi, A.A.,
Wan Mohd Khalik, W.M.A., Lehata, S., Hamzah, S.R., Ismail, D., Zheng, F.M., Dzulkarnaen,
A., Zakaria, Z., Mustaffa, N., Tuan Sharif, S.E., Yeong, Y.L. & Lee, Y.Y.
2021. Detection of microplastics in human colectomy specimens. An Open
Access Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 5(1): 116-121.
Ibrahim, Y.S., Rathman,
R., Anuar, S.T. & Khalik, W.M.A.W.M. 2017. Isolation and characterization
of microplastic abundance in Lates calcarifer from Setiu Wetlands,
Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Analytical Science 21(5): 1054-1064.
Jamshidian,
M., Arab Tehrany, E., Imran, M., Jacquot, M. & Desobry, S. 2010.
Poly-lactic acid: Production, applications, nanocomposites and release studies. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 9(5): 552-571.
Jemec, A.,
Horvat, P., Kunej, U., Bele, M. & Kržan, A. 2016. Uptake and effects of
microplastic textile fibers on freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna. Environmental
Pollution 219: 201-209.
Jeong, C.B.,
Won, E.J., Kang, H.M., Lee, M.C., Hwang, D.S., Hwang, U.K., Zhou, B., Souissi,
S., Lee, S.J. & Lee, J.S. 2016. Microplastic size-dependent toxicity,
oxidative stress induction, and p-JNK and p-p38 activation in the monogonont
rotifer (Brachionus koreanus). Environmental Science & Technology 50(16): 8849-8857.
Jin, Y., Lu,
L., Tu, W., Luo, T. & Fu, Z. 2019. Impacts of polystyrene microplastic on
the gut barrier, microbiota and metabolism of mice. Science of the Total
Environment 649: 308-317.
Kalcíkova, G., Zgajnar
Gotvajn, A., Kladnik, A. & Jemec, A. 2017. Impact of polyethylene
microbeads on the floating freshwater plant duckweed Lemna minor. Environmental
Pollution 230: 1108-1115.
Karami, A.,
Golieskardi, A., Bin Ho, Y., Larat, V. & Salamatinia, B. 2017.
Microplastics in eviscerated flesh and excised organs of dried fish. Scientific
Reports 7(1): 1-9.
Karbalaei,
S., Golieskardi, A., Hamzah, H.B., Abdulwahid, S., Hanachi, P., Walker, T.R.
& Karami, A. 2019. Abundance and characteristics of microplastics in
commercial marine fish from Malaysia. Marine
Pollution Bulletin 148: 5-15.
Khalik, W.M.A.W.M.,
Ibrahim, Y.S., Anuar, S.T., Govindasamy, S. & Baharuddin, N.F. 2018.
Microplastics analysis in Malaysian marine waters: A field study of Kuala Nerus
and Kuantan. Marine Pollution Bulletin 135: 451-457.
King, C., Shamshina, J., Zavgorodnya, O., Cutfield,
T., Block, L. & Rogers, R. 2017. Porous chitin microbeads for more
sustainable cosmetics. ACS Sustainable
Chemistry & Engineering 5(12): 11660-11667.
Lambert, S. & Wagner, M. 2018. Microplastics are
contaminants of emerging concern in freshwater environments: An overview. In Freshwater
Microplastics. Emerging Environmental Contaminants? edited by Lambert, S.
& Wagner, M. Berlin: Springer. pp. 1-24.
Leslie, H. 2014. Review of microplastics in cosmetics. IVM Institute for Environmental Studies 476: 1-33.
Li, W.C., Tse, H.F. & Fok, L. 2016. Plastic waste
in the marine environment: A review of sources, occurrence and effects. Science
of the Total Environment 566: 333-349.
Li, Z., Zhu,
S., Liu, Q., Wei, J., Jin, Y., Wang, X. & Zhang, L. 2020. Polystyrene
microplastics cause cardiac fibrosis by activating Wnt/ß-catenin signaling
pathway and promoting cardiomyocyte apoptosis in rats. Environmental
Pollution 265: 115025.
Li, Z., Yang, J. & Loh, X.J. 2016.
Polyhydroxyalkanoates: Opening doors for a sustainable future. NPG Asia
Materials 8(4): e265- e265.
Liu, G., Zhu, Z., Yang, Y., Sun, Y., Yu, F. & Ma,
J. 2019. Sorption behaviour and mechanism of hydrophilic organic chemicals to
virgin and aged microplastics in freshwater and seawater. Environmental Pollution 246: 26-33.
Ma, Z.F., Ibrahim, Y.S. & Lee, Y.Y. 2020.
Microplastic pollution and health and relevance to the Malaysia's roadmap to
zero single-use plastics 2018-2030. The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences 27(3): 1-6.
Magni, S.,
Della Torre, C., Garrone, G., D’Amato, A., Parenti, C.C. & Binelli, A.
2019. First evidence of protein modulation by polystyrene microplastics in a
freshwater biological model. Environmental Pollution 250: 407-415.
Mallesons, K.
& Mallesons, W. 2020. China cosmetics: Ban on microbeads to impact sales
and Mcdevitt, J.P., Criddle, C.S., Morse, M., Hale, R.C.,
Bott, C.B. & Rochman, C.M. 2017. Addressing the issue of microplastics in
the wake of the microbead-free waters act - A new standard can facilitate
improved policy. Environmental Science
& Technology 51(12): 6611-6617.
MESTECC. 2018. Malaysia’s Roadmap towards Zero
Disposable Plastic Use 2018-2030.https://www.pmo.gov.my/ms/2019/07/pelan-hala-tuju-malaysia-ke-arah-sifar-penggunaan-plastik-sekali-guna-2018-2030/. Accessed on 26 August 2020.
Meyer, R.F. 2010. The physics of membrane
emulsification and application for controlled drug delivery. University of
Pennsylvania. Ph.D. Thesis (Unpublished).
Mohd Zaki, M.R., Peh,
X.Y., Zainuddin, A.H., Razak, M.R. & Aris, A.Z. 2021. Occurrence, abundance, and distribution of
microplastics pollution: An evidence in surface tropical water of Klang River
estuary, Malaysia. Environmental
Geochemistry and Health 43(9):
3733-3748.
Naser, A.Z., Deiab, I.
& Darras, B.M. 2021. Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoates
(PHAs), green alternatives to petroleum-based plastics: A review. RSC
Advances 11(28): 17151-17196.
National Ocean Service. 2021. What are
Microplastics.https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/microplastics.html. Accessed of 12 June 2021.
Noik, V.J. & Tuah,
P.M. 2014. A first survey on the abundance of plastics fragments and particles
on two sandy beaches in Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia. In IOP Conference
Series: Materials Science and Engineering. IOP Publishing. p. 012035.
Oai, D. 2019. The St. Ives Apricot Scrub Lawsuit:
Everything You Need to Know.https://www.glamour.com/story/st-ives-apricot-scrub-lawsuit. Accessed on 29 June 2021.
Obrien, J.C., Torrente-Murciano, L., Mattia, D. &
Scott, J.L. 2017. Continuous production of cellulose microbeads via membrane
emulsification. ACS Sustainable Chemistry
& Engineering 5(7): 5931-5939.
Pedà, C.,
Caccamo, L., Fossi, M.C., Gai, F., Andaloro, F., Genovese, L., Perdichizzi, A.,
Romeo, T. & Maricchiolo, G. 2016. Intestinal alterations in European sea
bass Dicentrarchus labrax (Linnaeus, 1758) exposed tomicroplastics:
preliminary results. Environmental Pollution 212: 251-256.
Perez-Bermejo, M., Mas-Perez.
& Murillo-Llorente, M.T. 2021. The role of the bisphenol A in diabetes and
obesity. Biomedicines 9(666): 1-17.
Perschbacher, E. 2016. History and evolution of the
microbeads. https://www.ijc.org/en/history-and-evolution-microbead. Accessed on 8 June 2021.
Plastic Soup Foundation. 2021. Beat the Microbead. https://www.beatthemicrobead.org/. Accessed on 10 May 2021.
Prance-Milles, L. 2017. L'oreal confirms completion of
microbead reformulation. https://www.globalcosmeticsnews.com/l-oreal-confirms-completion-of-microbead-reformulation/. Accessed on 24 June 2021.
Prata, J.C., da Costa, J.P., Lopes, I., Duarte, A.C.
& Rocha-Santos, T. 2020. Environmental exposure to microplastics: An
overview on possible human health effects. Science of the Total Environment 702:
134455.
Praveena, S.M., Shaifuddin, S.N.M. & Akizuki, S.
2018. Exploration of microplastics from personal care and cosmetic products and
its estimated emissions to marine environment: An evidence from Malaysia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 136: 135-140.
Rahman, M.S., Woo, S.K., Sung, J.Y., Yoo, J.P., Buom,
Y.R. & Myung, G.P. 2016. A novel approach to assessing bisphenol - A
hazards using an in vitro model system. BMC Genomics 17(1): 577.
Ramírez-Malule, H., Quiñones-Murillo, D.H. &
Manotas-Duque, D. 2020. Emerging contaminants as global environmental hazards.
A bibliometric analysis. Emerging
Contaminants 6: 179-193.
Rehse, S.,
Kloas, W. & Zarfl, C. 2016. Short-term exposure with high concentrations of
pristine microplastic particles leads to immobilisation of Daphnia magna. Chemosphere 153: 91-99.
Rist, S.E.,
Assidqi, K., Zamani, N.P., Appel, D., Perschke, M., Huhn, M. & Lenz, M.
2016. Suspended micro-sized PVC particles impair the performance and decrease
survival in the Asian green mussel Perna viridis. Marine Pollution
Bulletin 111(1-2): 213-220.
Rochman, C., Hoh, E., Kurobe, T. & Teh, S. 2013.
Ingested plastic transfers hazardous chemicals to fish and induces hepatic
stress. Scientific Reports 3(1):
3263.
Sarijan, S., Azman, S.,
Said, M.I.M., Andu, Y. & Zon, N.F. 2018. Microplastics in sediment Schwabl, P., K¨oppel, S., K¨onigshofer, P., Bucsics,
T., Trauner, M., Reiberger, T. & Liebmann, B. 2019. Detection of various microplastics
in human stool: A prospective case series. Annals of Internal Medicine 171(7): 453.
Scudo, A., Liebmann, B., Corden, C., Tyrer, D.,
Kreissig, J. & Warwick, O. 2017. Intentionally
added microplastics in products - final report of the study on behalf of the
European commission. https://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/reach/pdf/39168%20Intentionally%20added%20microplastics%20-%20Final%20report%2020171020.pdf. Accessed on 20 October
2021.
Smithers, R. 2013. Unilever to phase out plastic
microbeads from facial scrubs. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jan/09/unilever-plastic-microbeads-facial-scrubs. Accessed on 20 October
2021.
Suardy, N.H., Abu Tahrim, N. & Ramli, S. 2020.
Analysis and characterization of microplastic from personal care products and
surface water in Bangi, Selangor. Sains Malaysiana 49(9): 2237-2249.
Sun, Q., Ren, S.Y. & Ni, H.G. 2020. Incidence of
microplastics in personal care products: An appreciable part of plastic
pollution. Science of the Total
Environment 742: 140218.
Surendran, A., Lakshmanan, M., Jiun, Y.C., Mohd
Sulaiman, A., Thuoc, D.V. & Sudesh, K. 2020. Can polyhydroxyalkanoates be
produced efficiently from waste plant and animal oils? Frontiers in
Bioengineering and Biotechnology 8(169): 1-16.
Sussarellu,
R., Suquet, M., Thomas, Y., Lambert, C., Fabioux, C., Pernet, M.E.J., Goïc,
N.L., Quillien, V., Mingant, C., Epelboin, Y., Corporeau, C., Guyomarch, J.,
Robbens, J., Paul- Pont, I., Soudant, P. & Huvet, A. 2016. Oyster
reproduction is affected by exposure to polystyrene microplastics. In Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of the America.
pp. 2430-2435.
Takayama, T., Daigaku, Y., Ito, H. & Takamori, H.
2014. Mechanical properties of bioabsorbable PLAPGA fiber-reinforced
composites. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 28(10):
4151-4154.
Talvitie, J., Mikola, A. & Koistinen, A. 2017.
Solutions to microplastic pollution–removal of microplastics from wastewater
effluent with advanced wastewater treatment technologies. Water Research 123: 401-407.
Ternes, T.A., Joss, A. & Siegrist, H. 2004.
Scrutinizing pharmaceuticals and personal care products in wastewater
treatment. Environmental Science & Technology 38(20): 392A-399A.
doi: 10.1021/es040639t.
Thompson, R., Olsen,
Y., Mitchell, R., Davis, A., Rowland, S., John, A., Mcgonigle, D. &
Russell, A. 2004. Lost at sea: Where is all the plastic? Science 304(5672): 838-838.
Tosetto, L.,
Brown, C. & Williamson, J.E. 2016. Microplastics on beaches: Ingestion and
behavioural consequences for beachhoppers. Marine Biology 163(10): 1-13.
Tristantini, D. & Yunan, A. 2018. Characterization
of cellulose acetate based on empty fruit bunches and dried jackfruit leaves as
replacement candidates for microbeads. In E3S
Web of Conferences. EDP Sciences. p. 04024.
TuChenZhouLiuWeiWaniekLuoBiofilm
formation and its influences on the properties of microplastics as affected by
exposure time and depth in the seawater. Science of the Total Environment 734: 139237.
United Kingdom. 2016. UK
House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee: Environmental Impact of
Microplastics - Fourth Report of Session 2016-17.https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201617/cmselect/cmenvaud/802/80202.htm. Accessed by 20 October
2021.
United Kingdom. 2018. World Leading Microbeads Ban
Comes into Force.https://www.gov.uk/government/news/world-leading-microbeads-ban-comes-into-force. Accessed by 29 June 2021.
Urbanek, A.K., Rymowicz, W. & Mironczuk, A.M.
2018. Degradation of plastics and plastic-degrading bacteria in cold marine
habitats. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 102(18): 7669-7678.
Usman, S., Abdull Razis, A.F., Shaari, K., Amal,
M.N.A., Saad, M.Z., Mat Isa, N., Van Cauwenberghe, L., Claessens, M., Vandegehuchte,
M.B., Mees, J. & Janssen, C.R. 2013. Assessment of marine debris on the
Belgian Continental Shelf. Marine Pollution Bulletin 73(1): 161-169.
Varma, R.S. 2019. Biomass-derived renewable
carbonaceous materials for sustainable chemical and environmental applications. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 7(7): 6458-6470.
Watkins, E., Schweitzer, J.P., Leinala, E. &
Börkey, P. 2019. Policy Approaches to Incentivise Sustainable Plastic Design. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/233ac351-en.pdf?expires=1634736380&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=5A6538D2C155F2420CF1AF544D6A485B. Accessed on 20 October
2021.
Welden,
N.A.C. & Cowie, P.R. 2016. Long-term microplastic retention causes reduced
body condition in the langoustine, Nephrops norvegicus. Environmental
Pollution 218: 895-900.
Worldometers. 2019. Current World Population. http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/. Accessed on 20
December 2019.
Wright, S.L. & Kelly, F.J. 2017. Plastic and human
health: A micro issue? Environmental
Science & Technology 51(12): 6634-6647.
Xia, B., Zhang, J., Zhao, X., Feng, J., Teng, Y., Chen, B., Sun, X.,
Zhu, L., Sun, X. & Qu, K. 2020. Polystyrene microplastics increase uptake,
elimination and cytotoxicity of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in the marine
scallop Chlamys farreri. Environmental Pollution 258: 113657.
Yeoh, T. 2021. Malaysia Beauty and Personal Care. https://www.trade.gov/market-intelligence/malaysia-beauty-and-personal-care. Accessed on 3
February 2022.
Yu, P., Liu,
Z., Wu, D., Chen, M., Lv, W. & Zhao, Y. 2018. Accumulation of polystyrene
microplastics in juvenile Eriocheir sinensis and oxidative stress
effects in the liver. Aquatic Toxicology 200: 28-36.
*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: malina@ukm.edu.my
|
|||
|
