Sains Malaysiana 52(1)(2023): 305-320

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5201-25

 

Application of 2-D Electrical Resistivity Imaging, and Induced Polarization Methods for Delineating Gold Mineralization at Felda Chiku 3, Kelantan, Malaysia

(Aplikasi Pengimejan Kerintangan Elektrik 2-D dan Kaedah Pengkutuban Teraruh untuk Menggambarkan Pemineralan Emas di Felda Chiku 3, Kelantan, Malaysia)

HUSSEIN AHMED HASAN ZAID1, MOHD HARIRI ARIFIN1,*, JOHN STEPHEN KAYODE2, MOHD BASRIL ISWADI BASORI1, MOHD ROZI UMOR1 & SURAYA HILMI HAZIM1

1Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

2Department of Physics, Nigerian Army University, No 1, Gombe road, PMB 1500, Biu, Borno State, Nigeria

 

Received: 6 December 2022/Accepted: 4 January 2023

 

Abstract

A geophysical survey has been carried out to assess the distribution of gold minerals at the Felda Chiku 3, Gua Musang district, Kelantan, Peninsular Malaysia. A 2-D geo-electrical resistivity imaging (ERI), combined with Induced Polarization (IP) method, and Oasis Montaj modelling were applied to delineate the potential conductive zones associated with sulphide mineralization. Most Peninsular Malaysia’s gold deposits occur in hydrothermal sulphides as discrete ore formations within the host rocks. A good correlation between the ERI and the IP profiles was observed during the interpretation of the model that successfully identifying the low resistive, and high chargeable sulphide zones, which correspond to the gold mineralization zones. The correlations could be linked to the conductive features at depth ranging from about 25 m - 135 m, trending along N-S directions. The study suggests further geo-electrical investigation to be carried out towards the south-western part of the area as more potential mineralized zones with N-S trends could be found in this region. Further studies would be able to give the extent of the gold deposits in Kelantan and by extension, allow for better informed mineral exploration and drilling operations to mine the gold in the region.

 

Keywords: Gold mineralization; IP chargeability method; Kelantan, Peninsular Malaysia; 2-D resistivity technique

 

Abstrak

Suatu tinjauan geofizik telah dijalankan bagi menilai taburan galian emas di Felda Chiku 3, daerah Gua Musang, Kelantan, Semenanjung Malaysia. Pengimejan kerintangan geo-elektrik 2-D (ERI) digabungkan dengan kaedah Pengkutuban Teraruh (IP) dan pemodelan Oasis Montaj digunakan untuk menggambarkan zon konduktif berpotensi yang dikaitkan dengan pemineralan sulfida. Kebanyakan deposit emas Semenanjung Malaysia berlaku dalam sulfida hidroterma sebagai pembentukan bijih diskret dalam batuan perumah. Korelasi yang baik antara profil ERI dan IP telah diperhatikan semasa tafsiran model yang berjaya mengenal pasti zon sulfida berperintang rendah dan tinggi, yang sepadan dengan zon pemineralan emas. Korelasi boleh dikaitkan dengan ciri konduktif pada kedalaman antara 25 m - 135 m, mengikut arah aliran N-S. Penyelidikan tersebut mencadangkan kajian geo-elektrik lanjut dijalankan ke arah bahagian barat daya kawasan itu kerana lebih banyak zon mineral berpotensi dengan trend NS boleh ditemui di rantau ini. Kajian lanjut juga akan dapat memberikan tahap simpanan emas di Kelantan dan seterusnya, membolehkan penerokaan mineral dan operasi penggerudian yang lebih termaklum untuk melombong emas di rantau ini.

 

Kata kunci: Kaedah keberintangan2-D; kaedah pengecasan IP; Kelantan; pemineralan emas; Semenanjung Malaysia

 

REFERENCES

Afiq, F.A.R., Abdul, G.R., Ailie, S.S., Rini, A.A., Afikah, R., Wan Salmi, W.H., Foong, S.Y., Muslim, A., Lee, K.E., Nguyen, X.H, Tran, V.X. & Goh, T.L. 2022. Application of a comprehensive rock slope stability assessment approach for selected Malaysian granitic rock slopes. Sains Malaysiana 51(2): 421-436.

Ariffin, K.S. 2012. Mesothermal lode gold deposit central belt Peninsular Malaysia. Chapter 15. In Earth Sciences, edited by Ahmad Dar, I. pp. 313-342. http://doi.org/10.5772/1132

Ariffin, K.S. & Hewson, N.J. 2007. Gold‐related sulfide mineralization and ore genesis of the Penjom gold deposit, Pahang, Malaysia. Resource Geology 57(2): 149-169.

Arifin, M.H., Kayode, J.S., Ismail, M.K.I., Abdullah, A.M., Embrandiri, A., Nazer, N.S.M. & Azmi, A. 2020a. Environmental hazard assessment of industrial and municipal waste materials with the applications of RES2-D method and 3-D Oasis Montaj modeling: A case study at Kepong, Kuala Lumpur, Peninsula Malaysia. Journal of Hazardous Materials 406: 124282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124282

Arifin, M.H., Kayode, J.S., Muhammad Khairel Izzuan Ismail, Abdul Manan Abdullah, Asha Embrandiri, Nor Shahidah Mohd Nazer & Azrin Azmi. 2020b. Data for the industrial and municipal environmental wastes hazard contaminants assessment with integration of RES2D techniques and Oasis Montaj Software. Data in Brief 33: 106595 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2020.106595

Arifin, M.H., Kayode, J.S., Muhammad Khairel Izzuan, Hussein Ahmed Zaid, Hamzah Hussin & S. Hanouneh, 2019. Data for the potential gold mineralization mapping with the applications of electrical resistivity imaging and induced polarization geophysical surveys. Data in Brief 22: 830-835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.12.086

Bayrak, M. & Şenel, L. 2012. Two-dimensional resistivity imaging in the Kestelek boron area by VLF and DC resistivity methods. Journal of Applied Geophysics 82: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2012.03.010

Chu, L.H. & Santokh Singh, D. 1986. The nature and potential of gold mineralization in Kelantan, Peninsular Malaysia. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia 19: 431-440. https://doi.org/10.7186/bgsm19198632  

Dahlin, T. & Zhou, B. 2004. A numerical comparison of 2D resistivity imaging with 10 electrode arrays.  Geophysical Prospecting 52(5): 379-398.

Doyle, H.A. 1990. Geophysical exploration for gold: A review. Geophysics 55(2): 134-146. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1442820

Endut, Z., Ng, T., Aziz, J.H.A. & Teh, G. 2015. Structural analysis and vein episode of the Penjom gold deposit, Malaysia: Implications for gold mineralisation and tectonic history in the central belt of Malaysia.  Ore Geology Reviews 69: 157-173.

Flores, C. & Peralta-Ortega, S.A. 2009. Induced polarization with in-loop transient electromagnetic soundings: A case study of mineral discrimination at El Arco Porphyry Copper, Mexico. Journal of Applied Geophysics 68(3): 423-436.

Fon, A.N., Che, V.B. & Suh, C.E. 2012. Application of electrical resistivity and chargeability data on a GIS platform in delineating auriferous structures in a deeply weathered lateritic terrain, eastern Cameroon. International Journal of Geosciences 3(5): 960. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijg.2012.325097

Ghani, A.A. 2009. Plutonism. In Geology of Peninsula Malaysia, edited by Hutchison, C. & Tan, D. Kuala Lumpur: Geological Society of Malaysia. pp. 211-231.

Goh, S.H., Teh, G.H. & Wan Fuad, W.H. 2006. Gold mineralization and zonation in the State of Kelantan. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia 52: 143-152. https://doi.org/10.7186/bgsm52200617

Gouet, D.H., Ndougsa-Mbarga, T., Meying, A., Assembe, S.P. & Man-Mvele Pepogo, A. 2013. Gold mineralization channels identification in the Tindikala-Boutou Area (Eastern-Cameroon) using geoelectrical (DC & IP) methods: A case study. International Journal of Geosciences 4(3): 643.

Haidarian Shahri, M.R., Karimpour, M.H. & Malekzadeh, A. 2010. The exploration of gold by magnetic method in Hired Area, South Khorasan, a case study. Journal of the Earth & Space Physics 35(4): 33-44.

Irvine, R.J. & Smith, M.J. 1990. Geophysical exploration for epithermal gold deposits. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 36(1-3): 375-412.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(90)90061-E

Kayode, J.S., Arifin, M.H., Basori, M.B.I. & Mohd Nawawi, M.N. 2022. Gold prospecting mapping in the Peninsular Malaysia gold belts. Pure Appl. Geophys. 179: 3295-3328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-022-03121-w

Kayode, J.S., Arifin, M.H. & Nawawi, M. 2019. Characterization of a proposed quarry site using multi-electrode electrical resistivity tomography. Sains Malaysiana 48(5): 945-963. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2019-4805-03

Kayode, J.S., Arifin, M.H., Kamarudin, M.K.A., Hussin, A., Nordin, M.N.M. & Roslan, N. 2019. The vulnerability of the aquifer units in the flood-affected areas of the east coast Peninsula Malaysia. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 12(5): 146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-019-4323-2

Keary, P. & Brooks, M. 1991. An Introduction to Geophysical Exploration. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publication.

Kumar, D., Rao, D.S., Mondal, S., Sridhar, K., Rajesh, K. & Satyanarayanan, M. 2017. Gold-sulphide mineralization in ultramafic-mafic-granite complex of Jashpur, Bastar Craton, Central India: Evidences from geophysical studies. Journal of the Geological Society of India 90(2): 147-153.

Lenhare, B.D. & Moreira, C.A. 2020. Geophysical prospecting over a meta-ultramafic sequence with indicators of gold mineralization in Rio Grande do Sul State, Southernmost Brazil. Pure and Applied Geophysics 177: 5367-5383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-020-02559-0

Li, B., Jiang, S.Y., Zou, H.Y., Yang, M. & Lai, J.Q. 2015. Geology and fluid characteristics of the Ulu Sokor Gold Deposit, Kelantan, Malaysia: Implications for ore genesis and classification of the deposit. Ore Geology Reviews 64: 400-424.

Loke, M. 2001. Constrained time-lapse resistivity imaging inversion. Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems Proceedings: EEM7-EEM7. https://doi.org/10.4133/1.2922877

Loke, M.H. 2016. Tutorial: 2-D and 3-D Electrical Imaging Surveys. http://www.geotomosoft.com

Macdonald, S. 1967. The Geology and Mineral Resources of North Kelantan and North Trengganu. Geological Survey Headquaters.

Makoundi, C., Zaw, K., Large, R.R., Meffre, S., Lai, C.K. & Hoe, T.G. 2014. Geology, geochemistry and metallogenesis of the Selinsing gold deposit, central Malaysia. Gondwana Research 26(1): 241-261.

Marescot, L., Monnet, R. & Chapellier, D. 2008. Resistivity and induced polarization surveys for slope instability studies in the Swiss Alps. Engineering Geology 98(1-2): 18-28.

Mashhadi, S.R. & Ramazi, H. 2018. The application of resistivity and induced polarization methods in identification of skarn alteration haloes: A case study in the Qale-Alimoradkhan area. Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics 23(3): 363-368. https://doi.org/10.2113/JEEG23.3.363

Mashhadi, S.R., Nikfarjam, M. & Mehrnia, A.K. 2020, Reinterpretation of resistivity and induced polarization data to explore gold mineralization zones at Zarzima prospect, Iran. Acta Geologica Slovaca 12(1): 15-22.

Metcalfe, I. 2013. Gondwana dispersion and asian accretion: Tectonic and palaeogeographic evolution of eastern tethys. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 66: 1-33.

Metcalfe, I. 2000. The Bentong-Raub Suture Zone.  Journal of Asian Earth Sciences18(6): 691-712.

Moon, C., Whateley, K. & Evans, A. 2006. Introduction to Mineral Exploration. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

Moreira, C.A., Casagrande, M.F.S. & Borssatto, K. 2020. Analysis of the potential application of geophysical survey (induced polarization and DC resistivity) to a long-term mine planning in a sulfide deposit. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 13(20): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-06096-x

Moreira, C.A., Borssatto, K., Ilha, L.M., Santos, S.F.D. & Rosa, F.T.G. 2016. Geophysical modeling in gold deposit through DC resistivity and induced polarization methods. REM-International Engineering Journal 69(3): 293-299. https://doi.org/10.1590/0370-44672016690001 

Mostafaei, K. & Ramazi, H.R. 2018. 3D model construction of induced polarization and resistivity data with quantifying uncertainties using geostatistical methods and drilling (Case study: Madan Bozorg, Iran). Journal of Mining and Environment 9(4): 857-872. DOI. 10.22044/jme.2018.6852.1516

Nazaruddin, D.A., Fadilah, N.S.M., Zulkarnain, Z., Omar, S.a.S. & Ibrahim, M.K.M. 2014. Geological studies to support the tourism site: A case study in the Rafflesia trail, near Kampung Jedip, Lojing Highlands, Kelantan, Malaysia.  International Journal of Geosciences 5(8): 835.

Pour, A.B. & Hashim, M. 2015. Structural mapping using palsar data in the Central Gold Belt, Peninsula Malaysia. Ore Geology Reviews 64: 13-22.

Pour, A.B., Hashim, M., Makoundi, C. & Zaw, K. 2016. Structural mapping of the Bentong‐Raub suture zone using palsar remote sensing data, Peninsula Malaysia: Implications for sediment‐hosted/orogenic gold mineral systemsec  exploration.  Resource Geology 66(4): 368-385.

Power, C., Tsourlos, P., Ramasamy, M., Nivorlis, A. & Mkandawire, M. 2018. Combined DC resistivity and induced polarization (DC-IP) for mapping the internal composition of a mine waste rock pile in Nova Scotia, Canada. Journal of Applied Geophysics 150: 40-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2018.01.009

Reynolds, J.M. 2011. An Introduction to Applied and Environmental Geophysics. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Salarian, S., Asghari, O., Abedi, M. & Alilou, S.K. 2019. Geostatistical-based geophysical model of electrical resistivity and chargeability to image Cu mineralization in Ghalandar deposit, Iran. International Journal of Mining Geo-Engineering 54-2: 153-160.

Sevastjanova, I., Clements, B., Hall, R., Belousova, E.A., Griffin, W.L. & Pearson, N. 2011. Granitic magmatism, basement ages, and provenance indicators in the Malay Peninsula: Insights from detrital zircon U–Pb and Hf-Isotope data. Gondwana Research 19(4): 1024-1039.

Sharma, P.V. 1997. Environmental and Engineering Geophysics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Smith, R.C. & Sjogren, D.B. 2006. An evaluation of electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) in quaternary sediments, Southern Alberta, Canada. Geosphere 2(6): 287-298.

Sono, P., Nthaba, B., Shemang, E.M., Kgosidintsi, B. & Seane, T. 2020. An integrated use of induced polarization and electrical resistivity imaging methods to delineate zones of potential gold mineralization in the Phitshane Molopo area, Southeast Botswana. Journal of African Earth Sciences 2020: 104060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2020.104060

Spitzer, K. & Chouteau, M. 2003. A DC resistivity and IP borehole survey at the Casa Berardi gold mine in Northwestern Quebec. Geophysics 68(2): 453-463. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1567221

Sultan, S.A., Mansour, S.A., Santos, F.M. & Helaly, A.S. 2009. Geophysical exploration for gold and associated minerals, case study: Wadi El Beida area, South Eastern Desert, Egypt. Journal of Geophysics and Engineering 6(4): 345-356. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-2132/6/4/002

Sumner, J. 1976. Principles of Induced Polariration for Geophysical Exploration. Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company.

Tagwai, M.G., Jimoh, O.A., Ariffin, K.S. & Abdul Razak, M.F. 2019. Investigation based on quantified spatial relationships between gold deposits and ore genesis factors in northeast Malaysia. Journal of Spatial Science 66(2): 229-252. https://doi.org/10.1080/14498596.2019.1606742

Telford, W.M., Geldart, L. & Sheriff, R.E. 1990. Applied Geophysics. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Upadhyay, A., Singh, A., Panda, K.P. & Sharma, S.P. 2020. Delineation of gold mineralization near Lawa Village, North Singhbhum Mobile Belt, India, using electrical resistivity imaging, self-potential and very low frequency methods. Journal of Applied Geophysics 172: 103902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2019.103902

Vieira, L.B., Moreira, C.A., Côrtes, A.R. & Luvizotto, G.L. 2016. Geophysical modeling of the manganese deposit for induced polarization method in Itapira (Brazil). Geofísica Internacional 55(2): 107-117.

Wynn, J.C. & Grosz, A.E. 2000. Induced polarization - A tool for mapping titanium-bearing placers, hidden metallic objects, and urban waste on and beneath the seafloor. Journal of Environmental & Engineering Geophysics 5(3): 27-35. https://doi.org/10.4133/JEEG5.3.27

Yao, K., Pradhan, B. & Idrees, M.O. 2017. Identification of rocks and their quartz content in Gua Musang goldfield using advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer imagery.  Journal of Sensors 2017: 6794095. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6794095

Yeap, E. 1993. Tin and gold mineralizations in Peninsula Malaysia and their relationships to the tectonic development. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences 8(1-4): 329-348.

Yusoff, A.F., Abdul Aziz, J.H. & Roselee, M.H. 2022. Mineralogy and geochemistry of gold mineralization at southern part of Ulu Sokor gold deposit, Kelantan, Malaysia. Sains Malaysiana 51(12): 3865-3877.

Zhang, Y., Chu, F., Li, Z., Dong, Y., Wang, H., Li, X. & Long, J. 2020. Gold enrichment in hydrothermal sulfides from the Okinawa Trough: An in-situ LA-ICP-MSEC study. Ore Geology Reviews 116: 103255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.103255

 

*Corresponding author; email: hariri@ukm.edu.my

 

       

sebelumnya