Sains Malaysiana 52(2)(2023): 417-430
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5202-08
Structural Analysis of Kirthar Fold Belt, Lower Indus Basin, Balochistan,
Pakistan; Implications from Compression and Inversion Tectonics
(Analisis Struktur Jalur Lipatan Kirthar, Lembangan Indus Awal, Balochistan, Pakistan; Implikasi daripada Tektonik Mampatan dan Penyongsangan)
ADNAN KHALID1,*,
SAJJAD AHMAD1,
ASGHAR ALI1,
GOHAR REHMAN1 & MUHAMMAD YASEEN2
1Department of Geology,
University of Peshawar, 25120, Peshawar Pakistan
2Department of Geology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
Diserahkan: 1 Jun 2022/Diterima:
21 November 2022
Abstract
The current research work mainly
focuses on tectonic evolution of the Central Kirthar Fold Belt. It also deals with the structural impact of the Late
Cretaceous/Paleocene, Indian-Eurasian collision on the Central Kirthar Fold Belt which is situated in the western shear
zone of Indian Plate. The Kirthar Fold Belt is
different from the rest of western shear zone because it is mainly deformed by
compressional tectonics which has created wide anticlines, narrow synclines and
overturned folds as shown by geological mapping. It has been observed that
thin-skinned deformation has played a major role in structural disharmony which
is mainly seen in the Early Eocene Ghazij and
Oligocene Nari formations. Seismic data shows
thick-skinned deformation because the faults seem to penetrate deeper
stratigraphic levels. Involvement of the basal decollement and the penetration
of the interpreted faults to the level of basement rocks is also evident from
the exposure of Jurassic/Cretaceous rocks at surface on the western part of the
mapped area. Cross sections data shows that Kirthar Thrust Fault has a structural throw around 3-4 km in the Kirthar Folded Zone featuring deformational front while the seismic data and well data
shows that this intensity decreases in the Kirthar Foredeep Zone towards east where the structural throw is
about 2-3 km. Restoration of cross sections show an overall 17.3% shortening which shows that the
area is under influence of compressional stresses.
Keywords: Inversion; Kirthar Fold Belt; thick-skinned deformation; thin-skinned
deformation; thrust kinematics
Abstrak
Penyelidikan ini tertumpu terutamanya pada evolusi
tektonik Jalur Lipatan Kirthar Tengah. Ia juga berkaitan dengan kesan struktur perlanggaran
Akhir Kapur/Paleosen, India-Eurasia pada Jalur Lipatan Kirthar Tengah yang
terletak di zon ricih barat Plat India. Jalur Lipatan Kirthar berbeza daripada zon ricih barat
yang lain kerana ia dicangga terutamanya oleh tektonik mampatan yang telah
mencipta antiklin lebar, sinklin sempit dan lipatan terbalik seperti yang
ditunjukkan oleh pemetaan geologi. Telah diperhatikan bahawa canggaan kulit nipis telah
memainkan peranan utama dalam ketidakharmonian struktur terutamanya yang
dilihat dalam pembentukan Ghazij Eosen Awal dan Nari Oligosen. Data seismik
menunjukkan canggaan kulit tebal kerana sesar kelihatan menembusi tahap
stratigrafi yang lebih dalam. Penglibatan dekolemen basal dan penembusan sesar yang
ditafsirkan ke tahap batuan bawah tanah juga jelas daripada pendedahan batuan
usia Jura/Kapur pada permukaan di bahagian barat kawasan yang dipetakan. Data keratan
rentas menunjukkan bahawa sesar sungkup Kirthar mempunyai lontaran struktur
sekitar 3-4 km di Zon Lipatan Kirthar yang menunjukkan canggaan hadapan
manakala data seismik dan data telaga menunjukkan bahawa keamatan ini
berkurangan di Zon Lembangan Depan Kirthar ke arah timur dengan lontaran
struktur adalah kira-kira 2-3 km. Pemulihan keratan rentas menunjukkan keseluruhan 17.3%
pemendekan yang menunjukkan bahawa kawasan itu berada di bawah pengaruh tegasan
mampatan.
Kata kunci: Canggaan kulit nipis; canggaan kulit tebal; jalur lipatan
Kirthar; kinematik
tujahan; penyongsangan
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*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat;
email: adnan.khalid@uop.edu.pk
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