Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences Vol 20 No 2 (2016): 309 - 317

 

 

 

DEVELOPMENT OF CELLULOSE NANOFIBRE (CNF) DERIVED FROM KENAF BAST FIBRE AND IT’S POTENTIAL IN ENZYME IMMOBILIZATION SUPPORT

 

(Penghasilan Nano-Gentian Selulosa (CNF) diperolehi daripada Gentian Kulit Kenaf dan Potensinya sebagai Penyokong Pemegunan Enzim)

 

Safwan Sulaiman¹, Mohd Noriznan Mokhtar¹*, Mohd Nazli Naim¹, Azhari Samsu Baharuddin¹,

 Mohamad Amran Mohd Salleh², Alawi Sulaiman³

 

¹Department of Process and Food Engineering

²Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering

Faculty of Engineering,

Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

³Faculty of Plantation and Agrotechnology,

Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

 

*Corresponding author: noriznan@upm.edu.my

 

 

Received: 24 February 2015; Accepted: 27 October 2015

 

 

Abstract

This research mainly focuses on developing a natural cellulose nanofibre (CNF) from kenaf bast fibre and its potential for enzyme immobilization support. CNF was isolated by using a combination between chemical and mechanical treatments such as alkaline process and high-intensity ultrasonication process to increase the efficiency of hemicellulose and lignin removal, and to reduce its size into nano-order. The morphological study was carried out by using scanning electron microscope (SEM), indicating most of CNF diameter in range of 50-90 nm was obtained. The result of chemical analysis shows that cellulose content of raw bast fibre, bleached pulp fibre and CNF are 66.4 %, 83.7 % and 90.0 %, respectively. By decreasing the size of cellulose fibre, it increases the number of (O–H) group on the surface that plays as important role in enzyme immobilization. Covalent immobilization of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) onto CNF support resulted in about 95.0 % of protein loading with 69.48 % of enzyme activity, indicating high immobilization yield of enzyme. The enzymatic reaction of immobilized CGTase was able to produce more than 40 % yield of α-CD. Reusability profile of immobilized CGTase resulted in more than 60 % of retained activity up to 7 cycles. Therefore, the CNF is highly potential to be applied as enzyme immobilization support.

 

Keywords: cellulose nanofibre (CNF), kenaf, enzyme immobilization; cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase), chemical and mechanical treatments   

 

Abstrak

Kajian ini memberi tumpuan terutamanya kepada penghasilan nano-gentian selulosa (CNF) semulajadi daripada gentian lapisan kulit kenaf dan potensinya sebagai penyokong pemegunan enzim. CNF dihasilkan dengan menggunakan gabungan antara rawatan kimia dan mekanikal seperti proses alkali dan proses ultrasonikasi berintensiti tinggi untuk meningkatkan kadar kecekapan penyingkiran hemiselulosa dan lignin, dan pengurangan saiz kepada nano. Kajian morfologi menggunakan mikroskop imbasan elektron (SEM), menunjukkan sebahagian besar daripada saiz diameter CNF diperolehi dalam julat 50-90 nm. Hasil kajian analisis kimia menunjukkan bahawa kandungan selulosa daripada gentian mentah, gentian pulpa dan CNF masing-masingnya adalah 66.4 %, 83.7 % dan 90.0 %. Dengan mengurangkan saiz diameter gentian selulosa, ia meningkatkan bilangan kumpulan (O-H) di permukaan sokongan yang mana memainkan peranan yang penting dalam pemegunan enzim. Pemegunan Siklodektrin Glukanotransferase (CGTase) secara kovalen pada CNF menunjukkan kira-kira 95.0 % muatan protein dengan 69.48 % aktiviti enzim, menunjukkan pemegunan enzim yang tinggi terhasil. Tindak balas berenzim CGTase terpegun juga mampu menghasilkan lebih daripada 40 % pengeluaran α-CD. Kitaran kebolehulangan enzim terpegun menunjukkan lebih daripada 60 % daripada aktivitinya dapat dikekalkan selama 7 kitaran. Oleh itu, CNF sangat berpotensi untuk digunakan sebagai penyokong pemegunan enzim.

 

Kata kunci: gentian-nano selulosa (CNF), kenaf, pemegunan enzim, siklodektrin glukanotransferase (CGTase), rawatan kimia dan mekanikal

 

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