Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences Vol 20 No 4 (2016): 726 - 734

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/mjas-2016-2004-04

 

 

 

DETERMINATION OF PRAZOSIN AND SIMVASTATIN IN LANDFILL LEACHATE USING LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-TIME OF FLIGHT-MASS SPECTROMETRY

 

(Penentuan Prazosin dan Simvastatin di dalam Larut Lesap Mengunakan Kromatografi Cecair-Masa Penerbangan-Spektrometri Jisim)

 

Zainab Haider Mussa^1,2, Fouad Fadhil Al-Qaim^1,3*, Md Pauzi Abdullah^1,4, Mohamed Rozali Othman^1,4

 

¹School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology,

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

²Faculty of Pharmacy

³Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences for Women

University of Babylon, PO Box 4, Hilla, Iraq

⁴Centre for Water Research and Analysis (ALIR), Faculty of Science and Technology,

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

 

*Corresponding author: fouadalkaim@yahoo.com

 

 

Received: 13 January 2016; Accepted: 27 March 2016

 

 

Abstract

Human pharmaceuticals have been shown to occur in considerably high amounts in sewage treatment plant (STP) effluents and surface waters. So far there is no data available on the occurrence of prazosin and simvastatin in leachate sample in Malaysia. Thus, this study is the first report to analysis of prazosin and simvastatin in leachate samples by using solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-TOF-MS). The proposed method included isolation and reconstitute procedure. The linearity range was achieved at 1.5 - 3000 μg/L and 0.8 – 125 μg/L for prazosin and simvstatin, respectively with a determination coefficient (R²) > 0.99. The limit of quantification (LOQ) for prazosin and simvastatin was calculated at 2.1 and 0.5 ng/L in deionised water (DIW), meanwhile it was recorded at 3.5 and 2.4 ng/L for prazosin and simvastatin in effluent sample, respectively. Two pharmaceutical compounds were detected in the leachate samples: prazosin and simvastatin at concentrations levels of 3850 and 415 ng/L, respectively.

 

Keywords: prazosin, simvastatin, leachate, solid phase extraction, pharmaceutical pollution

 

Abstrak

Farmaseutikal manusia telah hadir di dalam effluen loji sisa rawatan dan air permukaan. Sehingga kini, tiada data kajian yang merekodkan kehadiran prazosin dan simvastatin dalam sampel larut lesap di Malaysia. Maka, kajian ini merupakan laporan pertama tentang analisis terhadap prazosin dan simvastatin di dalam sampel larut lesap mengunakan pengekstrakan fasa pepejal-kromatografi cecair-masa penerbangan-spekrometri jisim (SPE-LC-TOF-MS). Kaedah yang dibangun meliputi langkah pemisahan dan nilai isian semula. Julat kelinearan dicapai antara 1.5 – 3000 μg/L dan 0.8 – 125 μg/L masing-masing bagi prazosin dan simvastatin dengan nilai pekali (R²) > 0.99. Had kuantifikasi (LOQ) bagi prazosin and simvastatin dihitung pada aras  2.1 dan 0.5 ng/L di dalam air ternyahion manakala direkod masing-masing pada aras 3.5 dan 2.4 ng/L di dalam sampel efluen. Dua jenis sebatian farmaseutikal ini dikesan in dalam sampel larut lesap pada aras kepekatan masing-masing adalah 3850 and 415 ng/L.

 

Kata kunci: prazosin, simvastatin, larut lesap, pengekstrakan fasa pepejal, pencemaran farmaseutikal

 

References

1.       Moldovan, Z. (2006). Occurrences of pharmaceutical and personal care products as micropollutants in rivers from Romania. Chemosphere, 64 (11): 1808 – 1817.

2.       Koreje, K. O., Demeestere, K., Wispelaere, P., Vergeynst, L., Dewulf, J. and Langenhove, H. V. (2012). From multi-residue screening to target analysis of pharmaceuticals in water: Development of a new approach based on magnetic sector mass spectrometry and application in the Nairobi river basin, Kenya. Science of the Total Environment, 437: 153 – 164.

3.       Petrović, M., Škrbić, B., Živančev, J., Ferrando-Climent, L. and Barcelo, D. (2014). Determination of 81 pharmaceutical drugs by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with hybrid triple quadrupole-linear ion trap in different types of water in Serbia. Science of the Total Environment, 468-469: 415 – 428.

4.       Al-Odaini, N. A., Zakaria, M. P., Yaziz, M. I., Surif, S. and Abdulghani, M. (2013). The occurrence of human pharmaceuticals in wastewater effluents and surface water of Langat river and its tributaries, Malaysia. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 93 (3): 245 – 264.

5.       Al-Qaim, F. F., Abdullah, M. P., Othman, M. R., Latip, J. and Afiq, W. M. (2013). Development of analytical method for detection of some pharmaceuticals in surface water. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 12 (4): 609 – 616.

6.       Al-Qaim, F. F., Abdullah, M. P., Othman, M. R., Latip, J. and Afiq, W. (2014). A validation method development for simultaneous LC-ESI-TOF/MS analysis of some pharmaceuticals in Tangkas river-Malaysia. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 25 (2): 271 – 281.

7.       Al-Qaim, F. F., Abdullah, M. P., Othman, M. R., Latip, J. and Zakaria, Z. (2014b). Multi-residue analytical methodology-based liquid chromatography-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry for the analysis of pharmaceutical residues in surface water and effluents from sewage treatment plants and hospitals. Journal of Chromatography A, 1345: 139 – 153.

8.       Gómez, M. J., Petrović, M., Fernández-Alba, A. R. and Barceló, D. (2006). Determination of pharmaceuticals of various therapeutic classes by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis in hospital effluent wastewaters. Journal of Chromatography A, 1114 (2): 224 – 233.

9.       Joseph, L., Zaib, Q., Khan, I. A., Berge, N. D., Park, Y. G., Saleh, N. B. and Yoon, Y. (2011). Removal of bisphenol A and 17α-ethinyl estradiol from landfill leachate using single-walled carbon nanotubes. Water Research, 45 (13): 4056 – 4068.

10.    Andrews, W. J., Masoner, J. R. and Cozzarelli, I. M. (2012). Emerging contaminants at a closed and an operating landfill in Oklahoma. Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation, 32 (1): 120 – 130.

11.    Mohamed, F. F., Abdullah, M. P., Othman, M. R. and Zakeria, Z. B. (2012). SPE-LC-Mass spectrometry analysis for basic pharmaceuticals with different therapeutic classes in aquatic environment. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 8 (4): 2124 – 2132.

12.    Al-Qaim, F. F., Abdullah, M. P. and Othman, M. R. (2012). Analysis of different therapeutic classes using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in the aquatic environment: a review. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, 4: 3 – 11.

13.    Al-Odaini, N. A., Zakaria, M. P., Yaziz, M. I. and Surif, S. (2010). Multi-residue analytical method for human pharmaceuticals and synthetic hormones in river water and sewage effluents by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1217 (44): 6791 – 6806.

14.    Miao, X. S. and Metcalfe, C. D. (2003). Determination of cholesterol-lowering statin drugs in aqueous samples using liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 998 (1): 133 – 141.

15.    Jeram Landfill. Access online http://fishguy85.blogspot.my/2012/12/jeram-landfill.html in February 2013.

16.    Vieno, N. M., Tuhkanen, T. and Kronberg, L. (2006). Analysis of neutral and basic pharmaceuticals in sewage treatment plants and in recipient rivers using solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry detection. Journal of Chromatography A, 1134 (1-2):101 – 111.  

17.    Drugbank. Open Data Drug and Drug Target Database. Access online http://www.drugbank.ca/ in November 2014.