Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences Vol 21 No 1 (2017): 240 - 247

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/mjas-2017-2101-28

 

 

 

CRUDE PALM OIL BIODIESEL BY TRANSESTERIFICATION PROCESS USING CHOLINE HYDROXIDE CATALYST

 

(Biodiesel Minyak Sawit Mentah Melalui Proses Transesterifikasi Menggunakan Mangkin Kolin Hidroksida)

 

Renita Manurung*, Nadya G. Bestari, Dania K. Syabri

 

Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,

Universitas Sumatera Utara, 20155 Medan, Sumatera, Indonesia

 

*Corresponding author: renitachem@yahoo.com

 

 

Received: 21 October 2015; Accepted: 14 June 2016

 

 

Abstract

Biodiesel is generally made by transesterification using alkaline catalyst. Choice of catalyst used greatly affects the biodiesel produced. Choline Hydroxide (ChOH) catalyst is a basic ionic liquid having excellent catalytic reactions in the synthesis of palm biodiesel from Crude Palm Oil (CPO). This catalyst is able to produce biodiesel without soap formation which at the end of the reaction, three layers formed. They are biodiesel, the catalyst itself and glycerol. This makes it easy to separate biodiesel from the by product. Several other important variables in addition to the choice of catalyst and is catalyst dosage, molar ratio of ethanol to CPO and reaction time. The highest yield of biodiesel produced is 99.84% with molar ratio of ethanol to CPO is 9:1, reaction time is 90 minutes, 5.5% catalyst (w/w) at 70 °C and 400 rpm stirring speed. The most influential variable is catalyst dosages that give the significant difference yield of biodiesel produced. It evidenced by more dosages of catalyst used will provide a higher yield of biodiesel.

 

Keywords:  choline hydroxide, crude palm oil, ethanol, ionic liquid, palm biodiesel

 

Abstrak

Biodiesel umumnya dihasilkan secara transesterifikasi menggunakan mangkin beralkali. Pilihan mangkin yang digunakan sangat mempengaruhi biodiesel yang dihasilkan. Kolin hidroksida (ChOH) adalah cairan ionik bes yang memiliki tindak balas pemangkinan yang sangat baik dalam sintesis biodiesel sawit dari minyak sawit mentah (CPO). Mangkin ini mampu menghasilkan biodiesel tanpa pembentukan sabun di mana pada akhir tindak balas membentuk tiga lapisan. Lapisan tersebut adalah biodiesel, mangkin itu sendiri dan gliserol. Hal ini memudahkan pemisahan biodiesel dari produk sampingan tersebut. Beberapa pemboleh ubah penting selain pilihan mangkin adalah dos mangkin, nisbah molar etanol terhadap CPO dan masa tindak balas. Hasil tertinggi dari biodiesel adalah 99.84% dengan nisbah molar etanol terhadap CPO adalah 9:1, masa tindak balas 90 minit, 5.5% mangkin (w/w) pada 70 °C dan kelajuan putaran 400 rpm. Pemboleh ubah yang paling berpengaruh adalah dos mangkin yang memberikan perbezaan hasil yang signifikan terhadap biodiesel yang dihasilkan. Ini membuktikan dengan semakin banyak dos mangkin yang digunakan akan memberikan hasil biodiesel yang lebih tinggi.

 

Kata kunci:  kolin hidroksida, minyak sawit mentah, etanol, cecair ionik, biodiesel sawit

 

References

1.       Ma, F. and Hanna, M. A. (1999). Biodiesel production: A review. Bioresource Technology, 70(1): 1 – 15.

2.       Izah, S. C. and Ohimain, E. I. (2013). The challenge of biodiesel production from oil palm feedstock in Nigeria. Greener Journal of Biological Sciences, 3(1): 1 – 12.

3.       Taufiq-Yap, Y. H., Abdullah, N. F. and Basri, M. (2011). Biodiesel production via transesterification of Palm oil using NaOH/Al₂O₃ catalysts. Sains Malaysiana, 40(6): 587 – 594.

4.       Manurung, R., Dania K. S. and Nadya G. B. (2015). Methyl ester as biodiesel from crude palm oil (CPO) using choline hydroxide catalyst. Proceeding of the 22^nd Regional Symposium on Chemical Engineering, Malaysia.

5.       Suppalakpanya, K., Ratanawilai, S., Nikhom, R. and Tongurai, C. (2011). Production of ethyl ester from crude palm oil by two-step reaction using continuous microwave system. Sonklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 33(1): 79 – 86.

6.       Ishak, Z. I., Sairi, N. A., Alias, Y., Aroua, M. K. T and Yusoff, R. (2014). Ionic liquids as green catalysts for transesterification reactions to produce biodiesel and glycerol carbonate – a review. Processing Technology.

7.       Van Doorslaer, C., Wahlen, J., Mertens, P., Binnemans, K. and De Vos, D. (2010). Immobilization of molecular catalysts in supported ionic liquid phases. Dalton Transactions, 39(36): 8377 – 8390.

8.       Fan, M., Huang, J., Yang, J. and Zhang, P. (2013). Biodiesel production by transesterification catalyzed by an efficient choline ionic liquid catalyst. Applied Energy, 108: 333 – 339.

9.       Reddy, E. R., Sharma, M., Chaudhary, J. P., Bosamiya, H. and Meena, R. (2014). One-pot synthesis of biodiesel from high fatty acid Jatropha curcas oil using bio-based basic ionic liquid as a catalyst. Current Science, 106(10): 1394 – 1400.

10.    Manurung, R. (2005). Optimasi dan kinetika transesterifikasi minyak sawit menjadi etil ester. Thesis Magister Teknik Kimia, 24: pp. 30 – 34.