Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences Vol 21 No 2 (2017): 496 - 511

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17576/mjas-2017-2102-25

 

 

 

PALM OIL-BASED PRECURSORS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF POLYMERIC DELIVERY SYSTEM

 

(Pelopor Berasaskan Minyak Sawit untuk Pembangunan Sistem Penyampai Polimer)

 

Rida Tajau^1,2, Rosiah Rohani¹*, Wan Nor Roslam Wan Isahak¹, Mek Zah Salleh²

 

¹Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment,

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

²Radiation Processing Technology Division,

Malaysia Nuclear Agency, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia

 

*Corresponding author: rosiah@ukm.edu.my

 

 

Received: 21 October 2015; Accepted: 14 June 2016

 

 

Abstract

The use of precursors from natural based polymers offer a more biocompatible and biodegradable properties in producing polymer drug vehicle compared to drug vehicles made from synthetic polymer precursors, which normally found in high molecular weight (MW). High MW polymer will lead to immunologic inflammatory responses due to their lower biodegradability and higher cytotoxicity compared to low MW that could give smaller particle size, higher solubility, higher release efficiency, non-immunogenic, better biodegradability and lower cytotoxicity. Therefore, this study is aimed to produce valuable precursors, particularly to produce epoxidized palm olein (EPOo) and diol, to be used in the development of a new polymeric drug vehicle with low MW.  An EPOo was synthesized via in-situ epoxidizing of palm olein (POo) with peracid and sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) catalyst. Meanwhile the diol was synthesized using hydroxylation of palm oil-based oleic acid via esterification of oleic acid (OA) with glycerol and 4-dodecylbenzyl sulfonic acid catalyst (DBSA).  It was found that both palm oil-based precursors have been successfully synthesized from natural resources of palm oil. Physico-chemical properties of the synthesized precursors showed that the EPOo and the diol possess average molecular weight (MW) between 900-1500 g/mol and hydroxyl functionality between 2 and 3, based on the presence of hydroxyl (O-H) group functionality, showed in the Infra-red (IR) spectra in the range of 3200-3600 cm^-1. These low MW palm oil based-precursors have potential uses for the design and development of new properties of polymeric drug vehicle such as acrylated palm olein (APOo) and polyol polyester, which will produce particle size in the range of 100 - 200 nm or smaller with high efficiency drug loading and controlled release profiles.

 

Keywords:  drug delivery system, palm oil, polymeric nanoparticle

 

Abstrak

Penggunaan pelopor dari polimer semulajadi bagi menghasilkan penyampai ubat polimer mempunyai kelebihan tertentu iaitu ianya bersifat bioserasi dan biodegradasi berbanding sistem penyampai ubat yang dibuat daripada pelopor polimer sintetik, kebiasaannya mempunyai berat molekul (MW) yang tinggi.  Polimer dengan MW yang tinggi boleh menyebabkan gerak balas keradangan keimunan akibat kurang keterbiodegradasikan dan kesitotoksikan yang tinggi dibandingkan MW yang rendah yang boleh menghasilkan partikel bersaiz lebih kecil, keterlarutan dan kecekapan perlepasan yang tinggi, tidak imunogen, terbiodegradasi dengan lebih baik dan sitotoksiti yang rendah. Oleh itu, kajian ini bertujuan menghasilkan pelopor yang bersifat istimewa, terutamanya minyak sawit olein terepoksida (EPOo) dan diol yang digunakan dalam membangunkan sistem penyampaian ubat dengan MW yang rendah. EPOo telah disintesis menggunakan pengepoksidaan in-situ minyak sawit olein (POo) dengan perasid dan pemangkin asid sulfurik (H₂SO₄). Sementara itu, diol disintesis menggunakan penghidroksilan minyak sawit oleik menggunakan pengesteran asid oleik (OA) dengan gliserol dan pemangkin asid sulfonik 4-dodesilbenzil (DBSA). Hasil penemuan mendapati kedua-dua pelopor yang berasaskan minyak sawit ini telah berjaya disintesis daripada sumber semulajadi minyak sawit.  Sifat fisiko-kimia pelopor yang telah disintesis menunjukkan EPOo dan diol mempunyai berat molekul (MW) antara 900-1500 g/mol dan bilangan hidroksil antara 2 dan 3, berdasarkan kehadiran kumpulan berfungsi hidroksil (O-H), yang ditunjukkan dalam spektra Infra-merah (IR) dalam julat 3200-3600 cm^-1. Pelopor berasaskan minyak sawit yang mempunyai berat molekul yang rendah berpotensi untuk direkabentuk bagi membangunkan sistem penyampai ubat polimer yang  bersifat  baru  seperti  minyak sawit  olein  terakrilat  (APOo)  dan poliol poliester, yang menghasilkan partikel bersaiz 100-200 nm atau lebih kecil dengan kecekapan pemuatan ubat dan profil perlepasan terkawal yang tinggi.

 

Kata kunci:  sistem penyampai ubat, minyak sawit, nanopartikel polimer

 

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