Sains Ma1aysiana 28: 29-38 (1999)                                                                                              Sains Hayat/

                                                                                                                                                                  Life Science

Faktor Risiko Miopia di kalangan Murid-murid

Sekolah Menengah Daerah Kuala Krai

(Risk factors associated with myopia among secondary school

students in the Kuala Krai district)

Rahimi H, Md. Idris Mohd. Nor & Osman Ali

Jabatan Kesihatan Masyarakat, Fakulti Perubatan

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur

ABSTRAK

Miopia atau rabun jauh merupakan masalah yang masih kurang diambil berat oleh masyarakat. Penyakit ini dikaitkan dengan perubahan gaya hidup, peningkatan status hidup dan kecemerlangan akademik. Suatu kajian kes kawalan dijalankan dikalangan pelajar sekolah menengah di Daerah Kuala Krai, Kelantan dengan objektif untuk menentukan faktor risiko miopia. Kajian ini juga bertujuan untuk menentukan hubungan antara miopia dengan faktor sekitaran, genetik dan sosioekonomi. Responden dipilih menggunakan pensampelan pelbagai tahap rawak. Dari 232 responden, 118 didapati mengalami miopia, dengan ketajaman penglihatan 6/18 -6/60, sementara 114 tidak mengalami miopia dan diambil sebagai kawalan. Analisis univariat menunjukkan miopia ini berkaitan dengan jarak membaca kurang dari 30cm (p<0.00l), jarak menonton TV kurang dari 1.53m (p<0.001) dan sejarah keluarga menghidap miopia (p<0.01). Walau bagaimanapun, analisis multivariat menunjukkan hanya jarak membaca dan menonton TVberkaitan dengan miopia. Nisbah ganjil untuk menonton TV pada jarak kurang dari 1.53m adalah 4.2 (95% selang keyakinan 3.42-4.98), jarak membaca kurang dari 30cm adalah 13.0 (95% selang keyakinan 12.17-13.78) dan mempunyai sejarah keluarga 2.34 (95% selang keyakinan 1.28-4.27). Intervensi untuk memperbaiki jarak pembacaan dan jarak menonton TV dikalangan pelajar sekolah menengah akan dapat menurunkan insidens miopia lebih kurang 40%.

ABSTRACT

Myopia or far sighted is a problem that is still taken lightly by the community. It has been associated with change of life styles, increased socioeconomic status and academic excellence. A case control study was carried out among students of secondary schools in the district of Kuala Krai, Kelantan with the objective of determining the risk factors associated with myopia. This study also aims to determine the relationship between myopia and environmental, genetic and socieconomic factors. Respondents were selected using a multistage random sampling. Out of 232 respondents, 118 were found to be myopic with a visual acuity of 6/18-6/60, whilst 114 were not myopic and served as control. Using univariate analysis, it was found that myopia is associated with reading distance of less than 30cm (p<0.001), distance of watching TV less than I.53m (p<0.001) and a family history of myopia (p<0.01). However, using multivariate analysis, only reading distance and distance of watching TV were associated with myopia. The odds ratio among those watching TV at the distance of less than 1.53m was 4.2 (95% Confidence Interval 3.42-4.98): those reading at a distance less than 30cm was 13.0 (95% Confidence Interval 12.17-13.78) and those with a family history of myopia was 2.34 (95% Confidence Interval 1.28­- 4.27). Intervention by advising appropriate reading distance and distance of watching television among secondary school students will be able to reduce the incidence of myopia by about 40%.

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