Sains Malaysiana 44(9)(2015): 1325–1329

Kerentanan Acanthamoeba spp. terhadap Larutan Disinfektan Pelbagai Guna Kanta Sentuh

(Susceptibility of Acanthamoeba spp. towards Contact Lens Multi-purpose Disinfecting Solution)

MOHAMED KAMEL ABD GHANI¹*, SYAMIMI OMAR¹, ANISAH NORDIN², YUSOF SUBOH², NORAINA AB RAHIM², WAN OMAR ABDULLAH3 & NORAZAH AHMAD⁴

¹Program Sains Bioperubatan, Fakulti Sains Kesihatan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,

Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia

²Jabatan Parasitologi Perubatan, Fakulti Perubatan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,

Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia

³Jabatan Mikrobiologi dan Parasitologi Perubatan, Fakulti Perubatan dan Sains Kesihatan

Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

⁴Unit Bakteriologi, Institut Penyelidikan Perubatan, Jalan Pahang, 50588 Kuala Lumpur,

Wilayah Persekutan, Malaysia

Received: 16 March 2014/Accepted: 2 June 2015

ABSTRAK

Acanthamoeba spp. adalah patogenik dan berpotensi menyebabkan kebutaan melalui penyakit yang dikenali sebagai keratitis Acanthamoeba (AK) khususnya dalam kalangan pemakai kanta sentuh. Kajian ini dijalankan untuk menilai kerentanan sista Acanthamoeba terhadap larutan disinfektan pelbagai guna kanta sentuh dengan menggunakan empat isolat Acanthamoeba iaitu dua isolat klinikal; HUKM 38, HKL 10 dan dua persekitaran; PBA 46 dan PBA 42. Lima jenis larutan disinfektan pelbagai guna; Complete®, Renu® fresh™, RevitaLens OcuTec®, Opti-Free® Express® dan Solo Care Aqua® telah diuji ke atas sista Acanthamoeba tersebut. Masa rendaman adalah berdasarkan masa yang disyorkan oleh pengeluar (4 jam dan 6 jam), 8 jam dan 24 jam. Setiap campuran sista dan larutan disinfektan kanta sentuh dipindahkan ke atas agar tanpa nutrien yang dilapisi Escherichia coli. Plat agar diperhatikan di bawah mikroskop songsang setiap hari sehingga hari ke-14 untuk melihat kehadiran trofozoit. Kelima-lima larutan disinfektan pelbagai guna kanta sentuh tidak efektif membunuh kesemua isolat sista Acanthamoeba yang diuji. Ini menunjukkan bahawa kebanyakan larutan disinfektan pelbagai guna kanta sentuh tidak mempunyai aktiviti anti-Acanthamoeba yang sangat diperlukan bagi mencegah jangkitan keratitis Acanthamoeba dalam kalangan pengguna kanta sentuh.

Kanta kunci: Acanthamoeba; keberkesanan; larutan disinfektan pelbagai guna kanta sentuh; Malaysia

ABSRACT

Acanthamoeba spp. are pathogenic to humans, causing potentially blinding infection of the cornea known as Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) especially among contact lens wearers. This study was undertaken to investigate the susceptibility of Acanthamoeba cyst to multi-purpose contact lens disinfecting solution on four Acanthamoeba isolates comprising two clinical isolates; HUKM 38, HKL 102 and two environmental isolates; PBA 46 and PBA 42. Five multi-purpose contact lens disinfecting solutions; Complete®, renu® fresh™, RevitaLens OcuTec®, Opti-Free® Express® and Solo Care Aqua® were tested on cysts of the four Acanthamoeba isolates. The soaking times were based on manufacturer’s recommendations (4 and 6 h) and 8 and 24 h. Each mixture of the cysts and disinfecting solution was transferred onto non-nutrient agar seeded with Escherichia coli. The agar plates were examined under inverted microscope daily until day 14 to detect the presence of Acanthamoeba trophozoites. All 5 multi-purpose contact lens disinfecting solutions tested were ineffective to kill all Acanthamoeba cyst isolates tested. This indicates that most multi-purpose contact lens disinfecting solutions do not have anti-Acanthamoeba activity necessary to prevent keratitis amongst contact lens wearers.

Keywords: Acanthamoeba; contact lens multi-purpose disinfecting solution; effectiveness; Malaysia

REFERENCES

Borazjani, R.N. & Kilvington, S. 2005. Efficacy of multipurpose solutions against Acanthamoeba species. Contact Lens and Anterior Eye 28(4): 169-175.

Codling, C.E., Maillard, J-Y. & Russell, A.D. 2003. Aspects of the antimicrobial mechanisms of action of a polyquaternium and an amidoamine. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 53: 1153-1158.

Haliza, A.M., Saleha, A.M., Kamel, A.G.M., Anisah, N., Yusof, S. & Norhayati, M. 2005. Punca infeksi Acanthamoeba spp. di kalangan pemakai kanta sentuh di Kuala Lumpur. Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia 3(2): 9-17.

Hughes, R., Heaselgrave, W. & Kilvington, S. 2003. Acanthamoeba polyphaga strain age and method of cyst production influence the observed efficacy of therapeutic agents and contact lens disinfectants. Antimicrobial Agent and Chemotherapy 47(10): 3080-3083.

Johnston, S.P., Sriram, R., Qvarnstrom, Y., Roy, S., Verani, J., Yoder, J., Lorick, S., Roberts, J., Beach, M.J. & Visvesvara, G. 2009. Resistance of Acanthamoeba cysts to disinfection in multiple contact lens solutions. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 47(7): 2040-2045.

Kamel, A.G.M. & Norazah, A. 1995. First case of Acanthamoeba keratitis in Malaysia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene 89: 652.

Kamel, A.G.M., Haniza, H., Anisah, N., Yusof, S., Faridah, H., Norhayati, M. & Norazah, A. 2005. More Acanthamoeba keratitis cases in Malaysia. International Medical Journal 12(1): 7-9.

Kamel, A.G.M., Anisah, N., Yusof, S., Faridah, H., Michael, I., Norhayati, M. & Norazah, A. 2003. Acanthamoeba keratitis is not so rare in Malaysia. Medical Journal of Malaysia 58(Suppl. E), S150.

Khan, N.A. 2006. Acanthamoeba: Biology and increasing importance in human health. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 30: 564-595.

Kilvington, S., Nikolic, M., Lam, A., Brady, N., Lonnen, J. & Heaselgrave, W. 2010. Comparative antimicrobial efficacy of contact lens care solutions. Journal of Optometry (3)3: 134-142.

Kilvington, S., Hughes, R., Byas, J. & Dart, J. 2002. Activities of therapeutic agents and myristamidopropyl dimethylamine against Acanthamoeba isolates. Antimicrobial Agent and Chemotherapy 46(6): 2007-2009.

Kumar, R. & Lloyd, D. 2002. Recent advances in the treatment of Acanthamoeba keratitis. Clinical Infectious Diseases 35(4): 434-441.

Marciano-Cabral, F. & Cabral, G. 2003. Acanthamoeba spp. as agents of disease in humans. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 16: 273-307.

Messick, C.R., Pendland, S.L., Moshirfar, M., Fiscella, R.G., Losnedahl, K.J., Schriever, C.A. & Schreckenberger, P.C. 1999. In-vitro activity of polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) against fungal isolates associated with infective keratitis. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 44(2): 297-298.

Narasimhan, S., Madhavan, H.N. & Lily Therese, K. 2002. Development and application of an in vitro susceptibility test for Acanthamoeba species isolated from keratitis to polyhexamethylene biguanide and chlorhexidine. Journal of Cornea and External Disease 21(2): 203-205.

Niszl, I.A. & Markus, M.B. 1998. Anti-Acanthamoeba activity of contact lens solutions. British Journal of Ophthalmology 82(9): 1033-1038.

Rocha-Azevedo, B.D., Tanowitz, H.B. & Marciano-Cabral, F. 2009. Diagnosis of infections caused by pathogenic free-living Amoebae. Interdiciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases 2009: Article ID 251406.

Ueki, N., Eguchi, H., Oogi, Y., Shiota, H., Yamane, S., Umazume, H. & Mizui, K. 2009. Three cases of Acanthamoeba keratitis diagnosed and treated in the early stage. The Journal of Medical Investigation 56: 166-169.

*Corresponding author; email: mohamedkamela@yahoo.com