Sains Malaysiana 47(5)(2018): 909–921

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2018-4705-06

 

Identification of Phytophthora spp. from Perennial Crops in Malaysia, Its Pathogenicity and Cross-pathogenicity

(Pengecaman Pencilan Phytophthora spp. daripada Tanaman Saka Berkayu di Malaysia, Kepatogenan dan Silang Kepatogenannya)

 

M. LATIFAH, S. KAMARUZAMAN, M.A. ZAINAL ABIDIN & S.A. NUSAIBAH*

 

Department of Plant Protection, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

 

Received: 22 November 2016/Accepted: 29 December 2017

 

 

ABSTRACT

Phytophthora is one of the most important plant pathogens of perennial crops in the tropics. This study characterised the pathogen(s) responsible for cocoa black pod rot, rubber pod rot and durian stem canker. Eighteen Phytophthora isolates were collected from several states in Malaysia, namely Pahang, Johor and Selangor. A total of 12 Phytophthora palmivora and six Phytophthora nicotianae isolates were isolated and identified based on the morphological and molecular characteristics. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences enabled Phytophthora identification to species level. Inoculation of 18 isolates on detached leaves and unripen cocoa pods successfully demonstrated the progressive development of lesions on its original host. Lesions were also observed in all wounded detached leaves of young durian (clone D24) and rubber (clone RRIM600) and unripen cocoa pods (clone BAL244) regardless of host and isolates. Phytophthora isolates from durian (DSCI) and rubber (R4A) used to inoculate cocoa pods exhibited lesion sizes of 11.6±0.75 and 9.6±0.64 mm, respectively. However, Phytophthora isolates from cocoa (CPR25) developed a longer length of lesion of 18.6±0.47 mm. On durian leaves, Phytophthora isolate from rubber (R4A) and cocoa (CPR25) recorded 11.73±1.04 and 5.22±0.57 mm length of lesion while Phytophthora isolates from durian (DSCB4) produced 13.13±1.29 mm lesion on its native host. Isolates from cocoa (CPR22) and durian (DSCE3) infected rubber leaves with 3.74±0.48 and 2.55±0.31 mm length of lesion, in comparison to rubber isolates (R1B) with 5.43±0.23 mm length of lesion. Differences in the length of lesion demonstrated higher level of virulence on the native host.

 

Keywords: Cross-pathogenicity; internal transcribed spacers (ITS); pathogenicity; phylogenetic tree; Phytophthora

 

ABSTRAK

Phytophthora merupakan patogen tumbuhan yang penting kepada tanaman saka berkayu di kawasan beriklim tropika. Pencirian dan pengenalpastian terhadap patogen Phytophthora spp. yang merupakan penyebab penyakit buah hitam pada tanaman koko, reput pada buah getah dan kanker batang pada pokok durian telah dijalankan di dalam kajian ini. Sejumlah 18 pencilan Phytophthora spp. telah diperoleh daripada sampel tisu berpenyakit dari beberapa buah negeri di Malaysia iaitu Johor, Pahang dan Selangor. Dua belas pencilan telah dikenal pasti sebagai Phytophthora palmivora dan enam lagi pencilan sebagaiPhytophthora nicotianae berdasarkan sifat morfologi, kultur dan pencirian secara molekul. Pencirian molekul pada kawasan jujukan internal transcribed spacer (ITS) membolehkan pengecamanPhytophthora sehingga ke peringkat spesies. Inokulasi 18 pencilan Phytophthora spp. pada helaian daun dan buah koko yang belum matang menunjukkan kesan lesi merebak pada sampel berkenaan. Kesan lesi hadir pada kawasan luka helaian daun muda durian (klon D24), getah (klon RRIM600) dan buah koko yang belum matang (klon BAL244) tanpa mengambil kira faktor hos dan pencilan. PencilanPhytophthora daripada durian (DSCI) dan getah (R4A) yang digunakan untuk menginokulat buah koko yang belum matang telah mempamirkan saiz lesi masing-masing 11.6±0.75 dan 9.6±0.64 mm. Walau bagaimanapun, pencilanPhytophthora daripada koko (CPR25) mempamerkan kesan lesi yang lebih panjang (18.6±0.47 mm). Pada daun durian, pencilanPhytophthora daripada getah (R4A) dan koko (CPR25) telah mempamerkan kesan lesi bersaiz masing-masing 11.73±1.04 dan 5.22±0.57 mm. Sementara itu, pencilanPhytophthora daripada pencilan durian (DSCB4) telah menghasilkan saiz lesi 13.13±1.29 pada hos asalnya iaitu daun durian. Pencilan daripada koko (CPR22) dan durian (DSCE3) yang diinokulat pada daun getah telah mempamerkan saiz lesi masing-masing 3.74±0.48 dan 2.55±0.31 mm. Namun, lesi yang lebih panjang (5.43±0.23 mm) diperhatikan pada daun getah yang diinokulat dengan pencilan (R1B) daripada getah. Perbezaan panjang lesi yang diperhatikan telah menunjukkan tahap kevirulenan yang tinggi pada perumah asalnya.

 

Kata kunci: Internal transcribed spacer (ITS); kepatogenan; Phytophthora; pohonfilogeni; silang-kepatogenan

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*Corresponding author; email: nusaibah@upm.edu.my