Sains Malaysiana 49(11)(2020): 2659-2665

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2020-4911-05

Pembangunan Biopenderia Enzim berasaskan Kolinasterase untuk Mengesan Kehadiran Bahan Cemar Seperti Racun Serangga dan Logam Berat

(Enzymatic Biosensor Development based on Cholinesterase in Detecting the Presence of Toxic Substances such as Insecticides and Heavy Metals)

MOHD KHALIZAN SABULLAH*

Program Bioteknologi, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

Received: 26 November 2019/Accepted: 18 May 2020

ABSTRAK

Bioteknologi merupakan cabang ilmu yang semakin berkembang seiring dengan kemajuan sesebuah negara. Malaysia juga tidak ketinggalan kerana kesedaran dalam bidang ini bakal memberi impak positif sejajar dengan pembangunan kesemua sektor dalam negara seperti pertanian, perikanan, industri pembuatan, makanan, kesihatan dan kelestarian alam sekitar. Oleh itu, pendedahan ilmu bioteknologi wajar diperluaskan daripada setiap peringkat umur bagi menanam minat dan mampu melahirkan ramai pakar dalam bidang ini. Biopenderia merupakan salah satu cabang bioteknologi yang semakin mendapat perhatian oleh kerana penggunaannya yang terbukti berkesan, cepat, murah dan tidak memerlukan kepakaran yang khusus untuk pengendalian. Dalam konteks ini, pengetahuan mengenai bidang bioteknologi melalui pengaplikasian biopenderia mudah disampaikan dan dapat menjana idea, penciptaan dan inovasi yang baharu pada masa akan datang. Ulasan ini membincangkan asas pengetahuan biopenderia menggunakan kolinasterase sebagai contoh yang berfungsi dalam mengesan kehadiran bahan toksik dalam sesuatu medium terutamanya air. Selain itu juga, kaedah pengendalian biopenderia turut dibincangkan secara terperinci berserta perbandingan dengan kaedah konvensional yang berkos tinggi, mengambil masa yang lama untuk penjanaan data dan memerlukan kepakaran teknikal. Kekangan ini menjadikan biopenderia sebagai kaedah alternatif yang terbukti lebih sensitif untuk mengesan kehadiran bahan toksik seperti racun serangga dan logam berat dalam alam sekitar.

Kata kunci: Asai Ellman; asetilkolinasterase; biopenderia; bioteknologi; perencat

ABSTRACT

Biotechnology is a growing branch of knowledge as a country progress. Malaysia is moving forward due to the awareness in this area that will have a positive impact in line with the development of all sectors in the country such as agriculture, aquaculture, manufacturing industry, food, health, and environmental sustainability. Therefore, exposure to biotechnology should be broadened at every age to nurture interest and will be able to produce many experts in the field. Biosensor is one of the branches of biotechnology that is gaining popularity as its applications are proved to be effective, fast, inexpensive, and do not require specific expertise in its operations. In this context, the knowledge in biotechnology through the application of biosensor is easy to convey and may generate new ideas, inventions, and innovations in the future. This review discusses the basic knowledge of biosensor using cholinesterase as an example in detecting the presence of toxic substances in a medium, especially water. Besides, the operational methods of biosensors was also discussed in detail as well as its comparison with conventional methods that are high costs, require longer time for data generation and high technical expertise. These constrains made biosensor serves as an alternative method that proven more sensitive in detecting the presence of toxic substances such as insecticides and heavy metals in the environment.

Keywords: Acetylcholinesterase; biosensor; biotechnology; Ellman assay; inhibitor

REFERENCES

Ahmad, S.A., Sabullah, M.K., Shamaan, N.A., Abd Shukor, M.Y., Jirangon, H., Khalid, A. & Syed, M.A. 2016a. Evaluation of acetylcholinesterase source from fish, Tor tambroides for detection of carbamate. Journal of Environmental Biology 37(4): 479-484.

Ahmad, S.A., Wong, Y.F., Shukor, M.Y., Sabullah, M.K., Yasid, N.A., Hayat, N.M. & Syed, M.A. 2016b. An alternative bioassay using Anabas testudineus (Climbing perch) colinesterase for metal ions detection. International Food Research Journal 23(4): 1446-1452.

Aidil, M.S., Sabullah, M.K., Halmi, M.I.E., Sulaiman, R., Shukor, M.S., Shukor, M.Y. & Syahir, A. 2013. Assay for heavy metals using an inhibitive assay based on the acetylcholinesterase from Pangasius hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878). Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 22(12): 3572-3576.

Baskaran, G., Masdor, N.A., Syed, M.A. & Shukor, M.Y. 2013. An inhibitive enzyme assay to detect mercury and zinc using protease from Coriandrum sativum. The Scientific World Journal 2013: 678356.

Bontidean, I., Mortari, A., Leth, S., Brown, N.L., Karlson, U., Larsen, M.M., Vangronsveld, J., Corbisier, P. & Csöregi, E. 2004. Biosensors for detection of mercury in contaminated soils. Environmental Pollution 131(2): 255-262.

D’Souza, S.F. 2001. Microbial biosensors. Biosensors & Bioelectronics 16(6): 337-353.

Ellman, G.L., Courtney, K.D., Andres Jr., V. & Featherstone, R.M. 1961. A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochemical Pharmacology 7(2): 88-95.

Eduzyme®. 2005. Educational Kit for Teaching Enzyme Works; All Included in Class. Registration No 05003865 (Filed at MIPO: 16/3/05)16/3/2015-class 9).

Hayat, N.M., Shamaan, N.A., Sabullah, M.K., Shukor, M.Y., Syed, M.A., Khalid, A. & Ahmad, S.A. 2016. The use of Lates calcarifer as a biomarker for heavy metals detection. Rendiconti Lincei 27(3): 463-472.

Institut Biosains, Universiti Putra Malaysia. 2015. Kadar Sewaan Peralatan, Caj Perkhidmatan dan Harga Produk yang Ditawarkan oleh Institut Biosains. http://www.ibs.upm.edu.my/dokumen/INBIO1_Kadar_Sewaan_Alatan_Caj_Perkhidmatan_Dan_Produk_Di_IBS.pdf.

Jamadon, N.K., Busairi, N. & Syahir, A. 2018. Smartphone assisted naked eye detection of mercury (ii) ion using horseradish peroxidase inhibitive assays. Protein & Peptide Letters 25: 90-95.

Malhotra, B.D., Singhal, R., Chaubey, A., Sharma, S.K. & Kumar, A. 2005. Recent trends in biosensors. Current Applied Physics 5(2): 92-97.

Noor Aini, B., Siddiquee, S. & Ampon, K. 2016. Development of formaldehyde biosensor for determination of formalin in fish samples; Malabar Red Snapper (Lutjanus malabaricus) and Longtail Tuna (Thunnus tonggol). Biosensors 6(3): 32.

Sabullah, M.K., Shukor, M.Y.A., Shamaan, N.A., Khalid, A., Ganzau, A.J., Sulaiman, M.R. & Ahmad, S.A. 2015a. Purification and anticholinesterase sensitivity of cholinesterase extracted from liver tissue of Puntius javanicus. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 17(5): 1025-1030.

Sabullah, M.K., Sulaiman, M.R., Shukor, M.S., Yusof, M.T., Johari, W.L.W., Shukor, M.Y. & Syahir, A. 2015b. Heavy metals biomonitoring via inhibitive assay of acetylcholinesterase from Periophthalmodon schlosseri. Rendiconti Lincei 26(2): 151-158.

Sabullah, M.K., Sulaiman, M.R., Shukor, M.Y.A., Syed, M.A., Shamaan, N.A., Khalid, A. & Ahmad, S.A. 2014. The assessment of cholinesterase from the liver of Puntius javanicus as detection of metal ions. The Scientific World Journal 2014: e571094.

Shukor, M.Y., Baskaran G., Sabullah, M.K. & Syed, M.A. 2010. Multiple Xenoassay Kit for Detecting Environmental Toxicants. British Invention Show (BIS). Alexandria Palace, 13-16th October, London.

Shukor, M.Y., Rahman, M.F.A., Tham, L.G., Othman, A.R., Bakar, N.L., Shamaan, N.A. & Syed, M.A. 2007. Multiple Xenoassay Kit for detecting Environmental Toxicants. PECIPTA 07 (International Exposition of Research and Inventions of Institutions of Higher Learning 2007). 10 -12 August 2007. Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Taguchi, M., Ptitsyn, A., McLamore, E.S. & Claussen, J.C. 2014. Nanomaterial-mediated biosensors for monitoring glucose. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology 8(2): 403-411.

Tham, L.G., Perumal, N., Ahmad, S.A. & Sabullah, M.K. 2017. Characterisation of purified acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) from Oreochromis mossambica brain tissues. Journal of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology 5(2): 22-27.

Tham, L.G., Perumal, N., Syed, M.A., Shamaan, N.A. & Shukor, M.Y. 2009. Assessment of Clarias batrachus as a source of acetylcholinesterase (AchE) for the detection of insecticides. Journal of Environmental Biology 30(1): 135-138.

Xenoassay®. 2005. Bioassay System for Assaying Xenobiotics; For Sale in Kit Form; All Included in Class. Registration No 05003866. (Filed at MIPO: 16/3/05)16/3/2015-class 9.

Zulkifli, A.F., Tham, L.G., Perumal, N., Shukor, M.Y. & Shaharuddin, N.A. 2017. Assay for heavy metals using an inhibitive assay based on the acetylcholinesterase from Channa striatus. Bioremediation Science and Technology Research 5(1): 7-11.

*Corresponding author; email: khalizan@ums.edu.my