Sains Malaysiana 49(8)(2020): 1951-1957

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2020-4908-17

Cellulose Powder from Piper nigrum L. Agro-Industrial Waste: Effect of Preparation Condition on Chemical Structure and Thermal Degradation

(Serbuk Selulosa daripada Sisa Agro-Industri Piper nigrum L.: Kesan Keadaan Penyediaan terhadap Struktur Kimia dan Degradasi Terma)

AIN NADIAH SOFIAH AHMAD KHORAIRI¹, NOOR SOFFALINA SOFIAN-SENG¹*, RIZAFIZAH OTHAMAN² & KHAIRUL FARIHAN KASIM³

¹Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

²Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

³School of Bioprocess Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000 Kangar, Perlis Indera Kayangan, Malaysia

Received: 26 January 2020/Accepted: 8 April 2020

ABSTRACT

White pepper is generally produced via water retting process to decorticate the pericarp of green pepper. The decorticated pericarp is considered as an agro-industrial waste and environmental pollutant as many farmers still discard the waste into the rivers. These wastes majorly contain cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and other organic compound. Cellulose was obtained from alkaline treatment (4 wt. % sodium hydroxides, NaOH) followed by bleaching process. This study reports the effect of soaking cycle in bleaching treatment on the chemical structure and thermal degradation of cellulose. The cellulose obtained from pepper (Piper nigrum L.) pericarp waste were characterised by colour analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Increased number of bleaching cycles produced a whiter colour and high thermal stability of cellulose powder. The whiteness index (WI) for high bleaching cycle sample was found significantly high (p<0.05) with the value of 77.00 ± 1.10. Thermal analysis indicates a derivative thermogravimetric analysis (DTG) peak at 332 °C. The FTIR spectrum proven that the condition of bleaching treatment changes the absorption intensity at bands 1732, 1540, and 1460 cm^-1 which due to the loss of hemicellulose and lignin. The use of pepper pericarp waste that is usually discarded may provide a sustainable alternative for the production of cellulose.

Keywords: Agro-industrial waste; cellulose; white pepper pericarp

ABSTRAK

Umumnya lada putih dihasilkan melalui proses perendaman air untuk menanggalkan perikarpa luar lada hijau. Kulit lada yang ditanggalkan ialah sisa agro-industri dan bahan pencemar kerana kebanyakan petani masih membuangnya ke dalam sungai. Sisa ini mengandungi selulosa secara majoritinya, berserta hemiselulosa, pektin dan sebatian organik. Selulosa boleh diperoleh melalui kaedah alkali (4 bt. % larutan natrium hidroksida, NaOH) dan pelunturan. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk melaporkan kesan kitaran rendaman dalam rawatan pelunturan terhadap struktur kimia dan degradasi termal selulosa. Selulosa yang diperoleh daripada sisa perikarpa lada (Piper nigrum L.) dicirikan dengan menggunakan analisis warna, Fourier spektroskopi inframerah (FTIR) dan analisis termogravimetri (TGA). Peningkatan jumlah kitaran rawatan pelunturan, menghasilkan selulosa kulit lada yang lebih putih dan tinggi kestabilan termal. Indeks keputihan (WI) bagi sampel dengan jumlah kitaran rawatan pelunturan yang tinggi, dilihat meningkat secara signifikan (p<0.05) dengan nilai 77.00 ± 1.10. Analisis terma menunjukkan puncak terbitan analisis termogravimetri (DTG) pada suhu 332 °C. Spektrum FTIR membuktikan keadaan penyediaan rawatan pelunturan mengubah keamatan jalur 1732, 1540 dan 1460 cm^-1 kerana kehilangan hemiselulosa dan lignin. Penggunaan sisa perikarpa lada yang biasanya dibuang mungkin dapat memberi alternatif dalam menghasilkan selulosa bagi kegunaan industri lain.

Kata kunci: Perikarpa lada putih; selulosa; sisa agro-industri

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*Corresponding author; email: soffalina@ukm.edu.my