Sains Malaysiana 51(3)(2022): 679-693

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2022-5103-04

 

Suatu Ulasan Kritis Kajian Keperluan Pemfluoridaan Air di dalam Proses Rawatan Air

(A Critical Review on the Research of Water Fluoridation Necessity in a Water Treatment Process)

 

ROSIAH ROHANI1,2,*, SITI AISHAH BASIRON1,3, THINISHAA DHANA GOPAL1, NURUL SURAYA ROSLI1, NADIAH KHAIRUL ZAMAN1, IZZATI IZNI YUSOFF1 & HARLINA ALI HANAFIAH4

 

1Jabatan Kejuruteraan Kimia dan Proses, Fakulti Kejuruteraan dan Alam Bina, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

  2Pusat Penyelidikan Teknologi Proses Mampan (CESPRO), Fakulti Kejuruteraan dan Alam Bina, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

  3Makmal Pusat, Loji Rawatan Air Bertam, Syarikat Air Melaka Berhad, 75300 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia

  4Bahagian Kesihatan Pergigian, Melaka State Health Department, Aras 3, Wisma Persekutuan, Jalan Business City, Bandar MITC, 75450 Ayer Keroh, Melaka, Malaysia

 

Received: 4 May 2021/ Accepted: 7 August 2021

 

Abstrak

Pemfluoridaan air merupakan proses penambahan bahan fluorida di dalam sumber air terawat sehingga tahap fluorida di dalam air tersebut mencapai tahap yang disarankan oleh pihak berkuasa dan seterusnya memberi manfaat kepada pengguna untuk kebaikan gigi dan tulang. Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia (KKM) telah mengesyorkan julat nilai kepekatan dos fluorida dalam sistem air di Malaysia adalah dalam lingkungan nilai 0.4 mg/L hingga 0.6 mg/L. Ion fluorida bukanlah suatu keperluan bagi pertumbuhan manusia tetapi dianggap penting untuk mengelakkan kerosakan gigi dan tulang, terutamanya kepada kanak-kanak. Kajian kritis yang telah dijalankan ini memfokuskan kepada keperluan pemfluoridaan air terawat di dalam proses rawatan air. Berdasarkan kajian ini, kandungan unsur fluorida dalam air mentah mempengaruhi proses pemfluoridaan air memandangkan kandungan unsur tersebut di dalam air minuman tidak boleh melebihi had yang ditetapkan oleh pihak berkuasa. Terdapat beberapa jenis bahan berfluorida yang biasa digunakan bagi pemfluoridaan air, antaranya natrium fluorida, natrium silikofluorida dan asid fluorosilisik. Penambahan bahan berfluorida ini ke dalam air hendaklah mematuhi dos yang tepat bagi memberi manfaat kepada pengguna dan seterusnya mengelakkan penyakit berkaitan fluorida. Kesimpulannya, pengawasan yang berterusan terhadap kepekatan fluorida pada pelbagai peringkat sama ada dalam peringkat pengumpulan air mentah, rawatan air dan pengagihan air terawat adalah penting bagi memastikan air dengan kandungan fluorida yang optimum dapat dibekalkan kepada pengguna.

 

Kata kunci: Ion fluorida; kerosakan gigi; nilai piawai; pemfluoridaan; rawatan air

 

Abstract

Water fluoridation is a process of adding fluoride into treated water source until the level of fluoride in the water reaches the level recommended by the authorities and in turn benefitting the consumers for good dental and bones. The Ministry of Health Malaysia (KKM) has set a range for fluoride dosage concentration in water systems in Malaysia which are around 0.4 mg/L to 0.6 mg/L. Fluoride ion is not essential for human growth, but it is more beneficial in prevention of dental and bone caries, especially for children. This critical study has been conducted to focus on the necessity of fluoridation of treated water in the water treatment process. Based on this study, the concentration of fluoride in raw water affects the water fluoridation process as the concentration of this element in the drinking water should not exceed the limits set by the authorities. There are several types of fluoridating agent that are commonly used for water fluoridation, including sodium fluoride, sodium silicofluoride and fluorosilicic acid. The addition of the fluoridating agent into the water must comply with the accurate dosage to benefit the consumer, thus preventing fluoride-related diseases. In conclusion, continuous monitoring of fluoride concentration at various levels such as in raw water collection, water treatment and treated water distribution is important to ensure that water with optimal fluoride concentration can be supplied to consumers.

 

Keywords: Dental caries; fluoridation; fluoride ion; standard value; water treatment

 

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*Corresponding author; email: rosiah@ukm.edu.my

 

 

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