Sains Malaysiana 44(5)(2015): 663–670

Potensi Makroinvertebrat Bentik Sebagai Penunjuk Biologi di Sungai Ikan, Hulu Terengganu, Terengganu

(Potential Use of Benthic Macroinvertebrate as Biological Indicators in Sungai Ikan, Hulu Terengganu, Terengganu)

A.K. AHMAD*, A. SITI HAFIZAH & M. SHUHAIMI-OTHMAN

Pusat Pengajian Sains Sekitaran & Sumber Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

Diserahkan: 9 September 2014/Diterima: 24 Disember 2014

ABSTRAK

Suatu kajian telah dijalankan untuk menentukan potensi makroinvertebrat bentik sebagai penunjuk biologi di hulu Sungai Ikan, Terengganu. Sebanyak lima stesen pensampelan telah dipilih untuk pensampelan makroinvertebrat bentik dan analisis kualiti air. Pensampelan makroinvertebrat bentik telah dilakukan menggunakan jaring Surber dan analisis kualiti air dilakukan menurut kaedah APHA. Piawaian Kualiti Air Kebangsaan (NWQS) telah digunakan untuk menilai parameter kualiti air di kawasan kajian dan hasil menunjukkan Sungai Ikan berada dalam keadaan baik iaitu kelas I hingga II. Ujian ANOVA satu hala menunjukkan bahawa kesemua parameter air yang diuji adalah seragam di sepanjang kawasan kajian (p>0.05, α=0.05). Sebanyak 2 filum, 3 kelas, 8 order, 39 famili dan 1353 individu telah dikenal pasti dan didominasi oleh famili Baetidae, Siphlonuridae, Simuliidae, Chironomidae dan Elmidae. Famili dominan didapati hadir pada hampir kesemua stesen pensampelan. Memandangkan kualiti air adalah baik dan tidak berubah sepanjang kawasan kajian, ujian CCA dilakukan untuk memperlihatkan faktor persekitaran lain yang mempengaruhi sebaran makroinvertebrat terutamanya famili dominan. Hasil ujian CCA menunjukkan pengaruh persekitaran yang khusus terhadap famili tertentu dan mempunyai pengaruh yang kuat terhadap sebaran makroinvertebrat bentik. Ujian korelasi menunjukkan batuan besar mempunyai pengaruh besar terhadap sebaran famili Baetidae, Siphlonuridae dan sub-famili Orthocladiinae, manakala komposisi pasir pula mempunyai pengaruh terhadap famili Elmidae. Hasil kajian ini menunjukkan dalam ekosistem yang bersih, faktor persekitaran habitat adalah kritikal untuk diambil kira dalam menentukan taksa tertentu yang sesuai digunakan sebagai penunjuk biologi ekosistem sungai rekreasi.

Kata kunci: Ekologi air tawar; makroinvertebrat bentik; penunjuk biologi; sungai

ABSTRACT

A study was conducted to distinguish the likely role of benthic macroinvertebrate as biological indicators in Sungai Ikan, Terengganu. A total of five stations were selected for benthic macroinvertebrate and water quality analysis sampling. Benthic macroinvertebrate sampling was done using Surber net and water quality analysis was carried out based on APHA method. National Water Quality Standard (NWQS) was applied to evaluate water quality parameters of Sungai Ikan and the results showed that Sungai Ikan has excellent water quality and falls within the class I to II. The One-way ANOVA test showed most of water quality parameters did not differ significantly throughout the sampling area (p>0.05, α= 0.05). A sum of 2 phyla, 3 classes, 8 orders, 39 families and 1353 individuals were identified and dominated by Baetidae, Siphlonuridae, Simuliidae, Chironomidae and Elmidae. These dominant families were present in almost all sampling stations. As regards to good water quality along the sampling area, the CCA test was conducted to show other environmental factors influencing the benthic macroinvertebrate distribution, particularly the dominant families. CCA results showed distinct environmental influence to certain family and strongly affected the distribution of benthic macroinvertebrate. Based on correlation test, the distribution of Baetidae, Siphlonuridae and Orthocladiinae (Family Chironomidae) were extremely influenced by cobbles, whereas Elmidae distribution was influenced by sand substrate. The results of this study indicate that within pristine ecosystem, environmental factors and habitat characteristics are vital to be accounted for in determining the particular taxa to be used as bioindicator of recreation river ecosystem.

Keywords: Benthic macroinvertebrate; bioindicator; freshwater ecology; river

RUJUKAN

Ahmad, A.K., Abd Aziz, Z., Fun, H.Y., Ling, T.M. & Shuhaimi Othman, M. 2013. Makroinvertebrat bentik sebagai penunjuk biologi di Sungai Kongkoi, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Sains Malaysiana 42(5): 605-614.

Ahmad Abas, Maznah Mahali & Zameri Mohamed. 1999. Kajian pemonitoran biologi menggunakan makroinvertebrata di Hulu Sungai Langat, Selangor. Borneo Science 6: 45-56.

Ahmad Ismail & Asmida Ismail. 2008. Ekologi Air Tawar. Ed. ke-2. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

APHA. 1995. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Ed. Ke-19. Washington: American Public Health Association.

Armitage, P., Moss, D., Wright, J. & Furse, M. 1983. The performance of a new biological water quality score system based on macroinvertebrates over a wide range of unpolluted running-water sites. Water Research 17(3): 333-347.

Azrina, M.Z., Yap, C.K., Rahim Ismail, A., Ismail, A. & Tan, S.G. 2006. Anthropogenic impacts on the distribution and biodiversity of benthic macroinvertebrates and water quality of the Langat River, Peninsular Malaysia. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 64(3): 37-347.

Blijswijk, W., Coimbra, C. & Graça, M.A. 2004. The use of biological methods based on macroinvertebrates to an Iberian Stream (Central Portugal) receiving a paper mill effluent. Limnetica 23(3): 307-314.

Bode, R.W., Novak, M.A., Abele, L.E., Heitzman, D.L. & Smith, A.J. 2002. Quality Assurance Work Plan for Biological Stream Monitoring in New York State. New York: NYS Department of Environmental Conservation.

Bode, R.W., Novak, M.A. & Abele, L.E. 1997. Biological Stream Testing. New York: NYS Department of Environmental Protection; Division of Water; Bureau of Monitoring and Assessment; Stream Biomonitoring Unit.

Bouchard, R.W. 2004. Guide to Aquatic Invertebrates of the Upper Midwest: Identification Manual for Students, Citizen Monitors, and Aquatic Resource Professionals. University of Minnesota, Water Resources Research Center.

Bradt, P.T. & Wieland, G.E. 1981. A comparison of the benthic macroinvertebrate communities in a Trout Stream: Winter and spring 1973 and 1977. Hydrobiologia 77(1): 31-35.

Brinkhurst, R.O. & Jamieson, B.G. 1971. Aquatic Oligochaeta of the World. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd.

Buss, D.F., Baptista, D.F., Nessimian, J.L. & Egler, M. 2004. Substrate specificity, environmental degradation and disturbance structuring macroinvertebrate assemblages in neotropical streams. Hydrobiologia 518(1-3): 179-188.

Che Salmah, M.R., Amelia, Z.S. & Abu Hassan, A. 2001. Preliminary distribution of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT) in Kerian River Basin, Perak, Malaysia. Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 24(2): 101-107.

Connell, D.W. 1981. Water Pollution: Causes and Effects in Australia and New Zealand. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press.

Cranston, P.S. 2004. Chironomidae. Dlm. The Freshwater Invertebrates of Malaysia and Singapore, disunting oleh Yule, C.M. & Yong, H.S. Kuala Lumpur: Academy of Science. hlm. 711-735.

Hart, C.W. & Fuller, S.L.H. 1974. Pollution Ecology of Freshwater Invertebrates. New York: Academic Press.

Hellawell, J.M. 1986. Biological Indicators of Freshwater Pollution and Environmental Management. London: Elsevier Applied Science Publishers.

Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran (JPS). t.th. Panduan Penggunaan Makroinvertebrat untuk Penganggaran Kualiti Air Sungai. Kuala Lumpur: Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran.

Jiang, X.M., Xiong, J., Xie, Z.C. & Chen, Y.F. 2011. Longitudinal patterns of macroinvertebrate functional feeding groups in a Chinese river system: A test for River Continuum Concept (RCC). Quaternary International 244(2): 289-295.

Khan, S.A., Murugesan, P., Lyla, P.S. & Jayanathan, S. 2004. A new indicator macroinvertibrate of pollution and utility of graphical tools and diversity indices in pollution monitoring studies. Current Science 87(11): 1508-1510.

Merritt, R.W. & Cummin, K.W. 1984. An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America. Ed. Ke-2. Iowa: Kendall/ Hunt Publishing Company.

Norhidayah Redzuan, Ismail Sahid & Muhd Barzani Gasim. 2008. Pemantauan kualiti air berdasarkan pengelasan IKA bagi sungai-sungai terpilih di Cameron Highands. Prosiding Persidangan Kebangsaan Alam Sekitar dan Kesihatan 2008: Alam Sekitar yang Mapan: Asas kepada Kehidupan yang Berkualiti. hlm. 108-116.

Pennak, R.W. 1978. Freshwater Invertebrates of The United States. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Rosenberg, D.M. & Resh, V.H. 1993. Freshwater Biomonitoring and Benthic Macroinvertebrates. New York: Chapman & Hall.

Shuhaimi-Othman, M., Azmah, M. & Ahmad, A.K. 2010. Penggunaan biopenunjuk multispesies air tawar dalam menilai perubahan kelakuan ikan gapi, Poecilia reticulate dan udang air tawar, Macrobrachium lanchesteri terhadap logam kadmium. Sains Malaysiana 39(4): 549-555.

Tomanova, S. & Tedesco, P.A. 2007. Body size, ecological tolerance and potential for water quality bioindication in the genus Anacroneuria (Plecoptera: Perlidae) from South America. Revista de Biologia Tropical 55(1): 67-81.

Vannote, R.L., Minshall, G.W., Cummins, K.W., Sedell, J.R. & Cushing, C.E. 1980. The river continuum concept. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 37(1): 130-137.

Wallace, J.B. & Merritt, R.W. 1980. Filter-feeding ecology of aquatic insects. Annual Review of Entomology 25(1): 103- 132.

Yap, C.K. & Rahim Ismail, A. 2011. Relationship of distribution of macrobenthic invertebrates and the physic-chemical parameters from Semenyih River by using correlation and multiple linear stepwise regression analyses. Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 34(2): 229-245.

Yap, C.K., Norharfiza, J., Rahim Ismail, A. & Izwan, M.K. 2008. Biodiversity of macrobenthic invertebrates in the Semenyih River: A revisited study. Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Environmental Science 10(4): 715-723.

Yap, C.K., Rahim Ismail, A., Ismail, A. & Tan, S.G. 2003. Species diversity of macrobenthic invertebrates in the Semenyih River, Peninsular Malaysia. Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 26(2): 139-146.

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: abas@ukm.edu.my