Sains Malaysiana 45(4)(2016): 507–515

Growth Stages of Torch Ginger (Etlingera elatior) Plant

(Tahap Tumbesaran Tumbuhan Kantan (Etlingera elatior)

 

S.Y. CHOON & P. DING*

 

Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

 

Diserahkan: 13 Oktober 2014/Diterima: 19 Oktober 2015

 

ABSTRACT

Torch ginger (Etlingera elatior) is a herbaceous clumping plant.  It is a multifunctional crop that has been used for culinary, medicinal, antibacterial agent, ornamental and floral arrangement purpose. However, from the literature, no work has been carried out to study its growth and development morphological characteristics. It is important to understand the developmental morphology of the torch ginger plant for research purpose, commercial usage and apply proper production practices by growers for higher yields and profits. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the time course of morphological changes during the growth and development of torch ginger. Results showed that it took 155 days from leafy shoot emerging from rhizome until senescence of inflorescence. The growth and development of torch ginger plant were divided into vegetative and reproductive phases. The vegetative phase mainly involved the growth activities of leafy shoot. The transition of vegetative to reproductive phase happened when the inflorescence shoot emerged from the rhizome. In the reproductive phase, the growth and development of the inflorescence were categorized into four phenological stages which were peduncle elongation, inflorescence emergence, flowering and senescence. The growth pattern of the leafy shoot and inflorescence demonstrated a monocarpic plant growth habit with the remobilization of photoassimilates from senescing plant parts to developing true flowers that caused whole-plant senescence. Further research is needed to study the mechanisms that regulate flowering and senescence in torch ginger plant.

 

Keywords: Monocarpic; morphology; phenology; photoassimilates remobilization; whole-plant senescence

 

ABSTRAK

Kantan (Etlingera elatior) adalah merupakan tanaman herba. Kantan merupakan tumbuhan yang mempunyai pelbagai fungsi yang boleh digunakan dalam masakan, perubatan, sebagai agen anti-bakteria dan gubahan bunga. Walaupun demikian, tiada kajian dijalankan ke atas ciri morfologi tumbesaran dan perkembangannya. Memahami perkembangan ciri morfologi kantan adalah penting untuk penyelidikan dan kegunaan komersial dan penanam juga boleh mengaplikasi amalan pengeluaran yang sesuai untuk memperoleh hasil dan keuntungan yang lebih tinggi dan lumayan. Oleh itu, tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk menentukan perubahan ciri morfologi dalam tumbesaran dan perkembangan kantan. Keputusan menunjukkan kantan mengambil masa selama 155 hari berkembang daripada kemunculan pucuk daun sehingga penuaan bunga. Tumbesaran dan perkembangan pokok kantan terbahagi kepada fasa vegetatif dan reproduktif. Fasa vegetatif melibatkan aktiviti pertumbuhan daun pada pucuk. Peralihan fasa vegetatif ke reproduktif berlaku apabila pucuk bunga tumbuh keluar daripada rizom. Dalam fasa reproduktif, tumbesaran dan perkembangan bunga dikategorikan kepada empat peringkat fenologi iaitu pemanjangan tangkai bunga, kemunculan perbungaan, berbunga dan senesen. Corak tumbesaran pucuk daun dan perbungaan kantan menunjukkan tabiat tumbuhan monokarpa yang melibatkan mobilisasi fotoasimilat daripada bahagian tumbuhan yang mulai tua ke bunga sebenar dalam perkembangannya. Akhirnya proses ini menyebabkan kematian pada pokok tersebut. Penyelidikan lanjutan diperlukan untuk mengkaji mekanisme yang mengawal pembungaan dan penuaan kantan.

 

Kata kunci: Fenologi; mobilisasi fotoasimilat; monokarpa; morfologi; penuaan seluruh tumbuhan

RUJUKAN

Abdelmageed, A.H.A., Faridah, Q.Z., Nur Amalina, A. & Muhamad, Y. 2011. The influence of organ and post-harvest drying period on yield and chemical composition of the essential oils of Etlingera elatior (Zingiberaceae). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 5(15): 3432-3439.

Abdelwahab, S.I., Zaman, F.Q., Mariod, A.A., Yaacob, M., Ahmed Abdelmageed, A.H. & Khamis, S. 2010. Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the essential oils of Etlingera elatior and Cinnamomum pubescens Kochummen. Journal of Science in Food and Agriculture 90: 2682-2688.

Bieleski, R.L. 1995. Onset of phloem export from senescent petals of daylily. Plant Physiology 109: 557-565.

Bunya-atichart, K., Ketsa, S. & van Doorn, W.G. 2004. Postharvest physiology of Curcuma alismatifolia flowers. Postharvest Biology and Technology 34: 219-226.

Chan, E.W.C., Lim, Y.Y. & Wong, S.K. 2011. Phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of Etlingera elatior: A review. Pharmacognosy Journal 3(22): 6-10.

Chan, E.W.C., Lim, Y.Y. & Omar, M. 2007. Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of leaves of Etlingera species (Zingiberaceae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Food Chemistry 104: 1586-1593.

Del Duca, S., Serafini-Fracassini, D. & Cai, G. 2014. Senescence and programmed cell death in plants: Polyamine action mediated by transglutaminase. Frontiers in Plant Science 5: 120.

Guiboileau, A., Sormani, R., Meyer, C. & Masclaux-Daubresse, C. 2010. Senescence and death of plant organs: Nutrient recycling and developmental regulation. Comptes Rendus Biologies 333: 382-391.

Hensel, L.L., Grbić, V., Baumgarten, D.A. & Bleecker, A.B. 1993. Developmental and age-related processes that influence the longevity and senescence of photosynthetic tissues in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 5(5): 553-564.

Jackie, T., Haleagrahara, N. & Chakravarthi, S. 2011. Antioxidant effects of Etlingera elatior flower extract against lead acetate-induced perturbations in free radical scavenging enzymes and lipid peroxidation in rats. BMC Research Notes 4: 67-74.

Jones, M.L. 2013. Mineral nutrient remobilization during corolla senescence in ethylene-sensitive and -insensitive flowers. AoB Plants 5: plt023.

Lachumy, S.J.T., Sasidharan, S., Sumathy, V. & Zuraini, Z. 2010. Pharmacological activity, phytochemical analysis and toxicity of methanol extract of Etlingera elatior (torch ginger) flowers. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 3: 769-774.

Lim, P.O., Kim, H.J. & Nam, H.G. 2007. Leaf senescence. Annual Review of Plant Biology 58: 115-136.

Mohamad, H., Lajis, N.H., Abas, F., Ali, A.M., Sukari, M.A., Kikuzaki, H. & Nakatani, N. 2005. Antioxidative constituents of Etlingera elatior. Journal of Natural Products 68: 285-288.

Munné-Bosch, S. 2008. Do perennials really senescence? Trends in Plant Science 13(5): 216-220.

Punnawich, Y., Montree, I., Warin, I. & Kan, C. 2009. Antifungal effects of Thai medicinal plants against Collectotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. Philippine Agricultural Scientist 92(3): 265-270.

Ranwala, A.P. & Miller, W.B. 2009. Comparison of the dynamic of non-structural carbohydrate pools in cut tulip stems supplied with sucrose or trehalose. Postharvest Biology and Technology 52: 91-96.

Sakai, S., Kato, M. & Inoue, T. 1999. Three pollination guilds and variation in floral characteristics of Bornean gingers (Zingiberaceae and Costaceae). American Journal of Botany 86(5): 646-658.

Schippers, J.H.M., Jing, H.C., Hille, J. & Dijkwel, P.P. 2007. Developmental and hormonal control of leaf senescence. In Annual Plant Reviews Volume 26: Senescence Processes in Plants, edited by Gan, S. United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 145-170.

Scofield, G.N., Ruuska, S.A., Aoki, N., Lewis, D.C., Tabe, L.M. & Jenkins, C.L.D. 2009. Starch storage in the stem of wheat plants: Localization and temporal changes. Annals of Botany 103: 859-868.

Sklensky, D.E. & Davies, P.J. 2011. Resource partitioning to male and female flowers of Spinacia oleracea L. in relation to whole-plant monocarpic senescence. Journal of Experimental Botany 62(12): 4323-4336.

Srivalli, B. & Khanna-Chopra, R. 2004. The developing reproductive ‘sink’ induces oxidative stress to mediate nitrogen mobilization during monocarpic senescence in wheat. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 325: 198-202.

van der Meulen-Muisers, J.J.M., van Oeveren, J.C., van der Plas, L.H.W. & van Tuyl, J.M. 2001. Postharvest flower development in Asiatic hybrid lilies as related to tepal carbohydrate status. Postharvest Biology and Technology 21: 201-211.

van Doorn, W.G. & Woltering, E.J. 2008. Physiology and molecular biology of petal senescence. Journal of Experimental Botany 59(3): 453-480.

Voon, H.C., Bhat, R. & Rusul, G. 2012. Flower extracts and their essential oils as potential antimicrobial agents for food uses and pharmaceutical applications. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 11: 34-55.

Waithaka, K., Dodge, L.L. & Reid, M.S. 2001. Carbohydrate traffic during opening of gladiolus florets. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 76: 120-124.

Wijekoon, M.M.J.O., Bhat, R., Karim, A.A. & Fazilah, A. 2013. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil and solvent extracts of torch ginger inflorescence (Etlingera elatior Jack). International Journal of Food Properties 16: 1200-1210.

 

 

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: phebe@upm.edu.my