 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
Sains Malaysiana 47(11)(2018): 2741–2755 http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2018-4711-17
Ficus carica and Bone Health: A Systematic Review (Ficus carica dan Kesihatan Tulang:
Suatu Kajian Sistematik) Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak,
56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia Diserahkan: 1 Februari
2018/Diterima: 20 Jun 2018 ABSTRACT Ficus carica, a native plant
to the Middle East and Western Asia, is of high value in folk
medicine. The therapeutic potential of Ficus carica has
led to the extensive studies in recent years, focusing on evaluating
and validating its pharmacological effect. The present systematic
review summarizes the effectiveness of Ficus carica on
promoting bone health focusing on osteoporosis and rheumatoid
arthritis via mineral contents and RANKL pathway.
The search was done with Medline via Ebscohost, Scopus and Google
Scholar databases to obtain relevant articles published between
1946 and December 2016. The main inclusion criteria were research
articles published in English that reported effect of Ficus
carica on bone health. The literature search returned 716 potentially
relevant articles, whereby 5 met the inclusion criteria. This
systematic review concludes Ficus carica plays an important
role in the promotion of bone health and can be a potential pharmaceutical
product in the future. Keywords: Bone; Ficus
carica; osteoporosis; RANKL pathway; rheumatoid arthritis ABSTRAK Ficus carica ialah tumbuhan
asli di Timur Tengah dan Asia Barat mempunyai kepentingan dalam
perubatan tradisi. Potensi terapeutik Ficus carica telah
membawa kepada kajian mendalam tertumpu kepada pengesahan kesan
farmakologinya. Kajian sistematik ini mendalami keberkesanan Ficus
carica dalam membantu kesihatan tulang yang memfokus kepada
penyakit osteoporosis dan ‘reumatoid artritis’ melalui kandungan
mineralnya dan laluan RANKL.
Carian makalah telah dibuat menggunakan pangkalan data Medline
melalui Ebscohost, Scopus dan Google Scholar untuk mendapatkan
makalah berkaitan yang diterbitkan antara 1946 dan December 2016.
Kriteria serta utama untuk pemilihan makalah adalah penerbitan
dalam Bahasa Inggeris yang melaporkan kesan Ficus carica kepada
kesihatan tulang. Carian makalah menghasilkan 716 makalah yang
berpotensi dengan 5 makalah menepati kriteria rangkuman. Kesimpulan
kajian sistematik ini membuktikan bahawa Ficus carica memainkan
peranan penting dalam membantu meningkatkan kesihatan tulang dan
boleh dijadikan sebagai produk farmaseutik yang berpotensi pada
masa hadapan. Kata kunci: Ficus carica; laluan RANKL; osteoporosis;
reumatoid artritis; tulang RUJUKAN Agabeĭli,
R.A. & Kasimova, T.E. 2005. Antimutagenic activity of Armoracia
rusticana, Zea mays and Ficus carica plant extracts
and their mixture. TSitologiia I Genetika 39(3): 75-79.
Amol,
P.P., Vikas, V.P., Vijay, R.P. & Rajesh, Y.C. 2010. Anthelmintic
and preliminary phytochemical screening of leaves of Ficus
carica Linn against intestinal helminthiasis. International
Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy (IJRAP) 1(2):
601-605. Aref,
H.L., Salah, K.B., Chaumont, J.P., Fekih, A., Aouni, M. &
Said, K. 2010. In vitro antimicrobial activity of four
Ficus carica latex fractions against resistant human pathogens
(antimicrobial activity of Ficus carica latex). Pakistan
Journal of Pharmaceutical Science 23(1): 53-58. Asadi,
F., Pourkabir, M., Maclaren, R. & Shahriari, A. 2006. Alterations
to lipid parameters in response to fig tree (Ficus carica)
leaf extract in chicken liver slices. Turkish Journal of Veterinary
and Animal Sciences 30(3): 315-318. Boyce,
B.F. & Xing, L. 2008. Functions of RANKL/RANK/OPG in bone
modeling and remodelling. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
473(2): 139-146. Brody,
T. & Bender, D.A. 1994. Nutritional biochemistry. Biotechnology
and Applied Biochemistry 20(1): 147. Chandrashekhar,
C., Latha, K., Vagdevi, H. & Vaidya, V. 2008. Anthelmintic
activity of the crude extracts of Ficus racemosa. International
Journal of Green Pharmacy 2(2): 100-103. Chang,
E.J., Kim, H.J., Ha, J., Kim, H.J., Ryu, J., Park, K.H., Kim,
U.H., Lee, Z.H., Kim, H.M., Fisher, D.E. & Kim, H.H. 2007.
Hyaluronan inhibits osteoclast differentiation via Toll- like
receptor 4. Journal of Cell Science 120(1): 166-176. Chin,
K.Y. & Ima-Nirwana, S. 2016. Olives and bone: A green osteoporosis
prevention option. International Journal of Environmental Research
and Public Health 13(8): 755. Choi,
B.Y., Eun, J.S., Nepal, M., Lee, M.K., Bae, T.S., Kim, B.I. &
Soh, Y.J. 2011. Ethyl docosahexaenoate and its acidic form increase
bone formation by induction of osteoblast differentiation and
inhibition of osteoclastogenesis. Biomolecules & Therapeutics
19(1): 70-76. Coon,
D., Gulati, A., Cowan, C. & He, J. 2007. The role of cyclooxygenase-2
(COX-2) in inflammatory bone resorption. Journal of Endodontics
33(4): 432-436. Cozzolino,
M., Dusso, A.S. & Slatopolsky, E. 2001. Role of calcium-phosphate
product and bone-associated proteins on vascular calcification
in renal failure. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
12(11): 2511-2516. El-Shobaki,
F.A., El-Bahay, A.M., Esmail, R.S.A., El-Megeid, A.A. & Esmail,
N.S. 2010. Effect of figs fruit (Ficus carica L.) and its
leaves on hyperglycemia in alloxan diabetic rats. World Journal
of Dairy & Food Sciences 5(1): 47-57. Feng,
C. & Ma, Y. 2010. Isolation and anti-phytopathogenic activity
of secondary metabolites from Alternaria sp. FL25, an endophytic
fungus in Ficus carica. Chinese Journal of Applied and
Environmental Biology 16: 76-78. Gilani,
A.H., Mehmood, M.H., Janbaz, K.H., Khan, A.U. & Saeed, S.A.
2008. Ethnopharmacological studies on antispasmodic and antiplatelet
activities of Ficus carica. Journal of Ethnopharmacology
119(1): 1-5. Gond,
N.Y. & Khadabadi, S.S. 2008. Hepatoprotective activity of
Ficus carica leaf extract on rifampicin-induced hepatic
damage in rats. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 70(3):
364-366. Han,
K.Y., Yang, D., Chang, E.J., Lee, Y., Huang, H., Sung, S.H., Lee,
Z.H., Kim, Y.C. & Kim, H.H. 2007. Inhibition of osteoclast
differentiation and bone resorption by sauchinone. Biochemical
Pharmacology 74(6): 911-923. Jeong,
M.R., Kim, H.Y. & Cha, J.D. 2009. Antimicrobial activity of
methanol extract from Ficus carica leaves against oral
bacteria. Journal of Bacteriology and Virology 39(2): 97-102.
Jimi,
E., Aoki, K., Saito, H., D’Acquisto, F., May, M.J., Nakamura,
I., Sudo, T., Kojima, T., Okamoto, F., Fukushima, H. & Okabe,
K. 2004. Selective inhibition of NF-κB blocks osteoclastogenesis
and prevents inflammatory bone destruction in vivo. Nature
Medicine 10(6): 617-24. Khairuddin,
M., Haron, H., Yahya, H. & Che Malek, N. 2017. Nutrient compositions
and total polyphenol contents of selected dried fruits available
in Selangor, Malaysia. Journal of Agricultural Science 9(13):
41-49. Khan,
M.N., Sarwar, A., Adeel, M. & Wahab, M.F. 2011. Nutritional
evaluation of Ficus carica indigenous to Pakistan. African
Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 11(5):
5187-5202. Khodarahmi,
G.A., Ghasemi, N., Hassanzadeh, F. & Safaie, M. 2011. Cytotoxic
effects of different extracts and latex of Ficus carica L.
on HeLa cell line. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
IJPR 10(2): 273. Kobayashi,
N., Kadono, Y., Naito, A., Matsumoto, K., Yamamoto, T., Tanaka,
S. & Inoue, J.I. 2001. Segregation of TRAF6-mediated signaling
pathways clarifies its role in osteoclastogenesis. The EMBO
Journal 20(6): 1271-1280. Lazreg
Aref, H., Gaaliche, B., Fekih, A., Mars, M., Aouni, M., Pierre
Chaumon, J. & Said, K. 2011. In vitro cytotoxic and
antiviral activities of Ficus carica latex extracts. Natural
Product Research 25(3): 310-319. Lee,
H.Y., Kim, J.H., Jeung, H.W., Lee, C.U., Kim, D.S., Li, B., Lee,
G.H., Sung, M.S., Ha, K.C., Back, H.I. & Kim, S.Y. 2012. Effects
of Ficus carica paste on loperamide-induced constipation
in rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology 50(3-4): 895-902.
Lee,
S.E., Woo, K.M., Kim, S.Y., Kim, H.M., Kwack, K., Lee, Z.H. &
Kim, H.H. 2002. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, p38, and extracellular
signal-regulated kinase pathways are involved in osteoclast differentiation.
Bone 30(1): 71-77. Liu,
C., Walter, T.S., Huang, P., Zhang, S., Zhu, X., Wu, Y., Wedderburn,
L.R., Tang, P., Owens, R.J., Stuart, D.I. & Ren, J. 2010.
Structural and functional insights of RANKL-RANK interaction and
signaling. The Journal of Immunology 184(12): 6910-6919.
Luo,
J.L., Kamata, H. & Karin, M. 2005. IKK/NF-κB signaling:
Balancing life and death-a new approach to cancer therapy. The
Journal of Clinical Investigation 115(10): 2625-2632. Lydia,
D.E. 2009. Wonders of figs. In Summaries and Short Reviews.
http:// www.shvoong.com/medicine-and-health/ nutrition/1866223-wonders-figs.
Marie,
P.J. 2005. Strontium as therapy for osteoporosis. Current Opinion
in Pharmacology 5(6): 633-636. Mawa,
S., Husain, K. & Jantan, I. 2013. Ficus carica L. (Moraceae):
Phytochemistry, traditional uses and biological activities. Evidence-Based
Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013: 974256. Mavlonov,
G.T., Ubaidullaeva, K.A., Rakhmanov, M.I., Abdurakhmonov, I.Y.
& Abdukarimov, A. 2008. Chitin-binding antifungal protein
from Ficus carica latex. Chemistry of Natural Compounds
44(2): 216-219. Mino,
T., Sugiyama, E., Taki, H., Kuroda, A., Yamashita, N., Maruyama,
M. & Kobayashi, M. 1998. Interleukin- 1α and tumor necrosis
factor α synergistically stimulate prostaglandin E2-dependent
production of interleukin-11 in rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts.
Arthritis & Rheumatology 41(11): 2004-2013. Miyazaki,
T., Katagiri, H., Kanegae, Y., Takayanagi, H., Sawada, Y., Yamamoto,
A., Pando, M.P., Asano, T., Verma, I.M., Oda, H. & Nakamura,
K. 2000. Reciprocal role of ERK and NF- κB pathways in survival
and activation of osteoclasts. The Journal of Cell Biology
148(2): 333-342. Mohan,
G.K., Pallavi, E., Kumar, R., Ramesh, M. & Venkatesh, S. 2007.
Hepatoprotective activity of Ficus carica Linn leaf extract
against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. DARU
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 15(3): 162-166. Moniruzzaman, M., Yaakob,
Z. & Taha, R.A. 2017. In vitro production of fig (Ficus
carica L.) plantlets. In 5th International Symposium on
Fig. International Society for Horticultural Science. Acta
Horticulturae 1173: 231-235. Motyckova, G., Weilbaecher, K.N.,
Horstmann, M., Rieman, D.J., Fisher, D.Z. & Fisher, D.E. 2001.
Linking osteopetrosis and pycnodysostosis: Regulation of cathepsin
K expression by the microphthalmia transcription factor family.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98(10):
5798-5803. Mukherjee, A.,
Wilson, E.M. & Rotwein, P. 2010. Selective signaling by Akt2
promotes bone morphogenetic protein 2-mediated osteoblast differentiation.
Molecular and Cellular Biology 30(4): 1018-1027. O’brien, T.G.,
Kinnaird, M.F., Dierenfeld, E.S., Conklin-Brittain, N.L., Wrangham,
R.W. & Silver, S.C. 1998. What’s so special about figs? Nature
392(6677): 668. Patil, V.V., Bhangale,
S.C. & Patil, V.R. 2010. Studies on immunomodulatory activity
of Ficus carica. International Journal of Pharmaceutical
Science 2(4): 97-99. Patil, V.V. &
Patil, V.R. 2011. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of
Ficus carica Linn leaves. Indian Journal of Natural
Products and Resources 2: 151-155. Patil, V.V., Bhangale,
S.C. & Patil, V.R. 2010. Evaluation of anti-pyretic potential
of Ficus carica leaves. Evaluation 2(2): 010. Park, C.K., Lee,
Y., Chang, E.J., Lee, M.H., Yoon, J.H., Ryu, J.H. & Kim, H.H.
2008. Bavachalcone inhibits osteoclast differentiation through
suppression of NFATc1 induction by RANKL. Biochemical Pharmacology
75(11): 2175-2182. Park, Y.R., Eun,
J.S., Choi, H.J., Nepal, M., Kim, D.K., Seo, S.Y., Li, R., Moon,
W.S., Cho, N.P., Cho, S.D. & Bae, T.S. 2009. Hexane-soluble
fraction of the common fig, Ficus carica, inhibits osteoclast
differentiation in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages and
RAW 264.7 cells. The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology
13(6): 417-424. Perez, C., Dominguez,
E., Ramiro, J.M., Romero, A., Campillo, J.E. & Torres, M.D.
1996. A study on the glycaemic balance in streptozotocin-diabetic
rats treated with an aqueous extract of Ficus carica (fig
tree) leaves. Phytotherapy Research 10(1): 82-83. Poulsen, R.C.,
Firth, E.C., Rogers, C.W., Moughan, P.J. & Kruger, M.C. 2007.
Specific effects of γ-Linolenic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic
ethyl esters on bone post- ovariectomy in rats. Calcified Tissue
International 81(6): 459-471. Prabavathy, D.
& Nachiyar, C.V. 2011. Screening and characterisation of antimicrobial
compound from endophytic Aspergillus sp. isolated from
Ficus carica. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 4:
1935-1936. Raggatt, L.J. &
Partridge, N.C. 2010. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of bone
remodeling. Journal of Biological Chemistry 285(33): 25103-25108.
Rahman, M.M., Bhattacharya,
A. & Fernandes, G. 2008. Docosahexaenoic acid is more potent
inhibitor of osteoclast differentiation in RAW 264.7 cells than
eicosapentaenoic acid. Journal of Cellular Physiology 214(1):
201-209. Reginster, J.Y.,
Malaise, O., Neuprez, A. & Bruyère, O. 2007. Strontium ranelate
in the prevention of osteoporotic fractures. International
Journal of Clinical Practice 61(2): 324-328. Reid, I.R., Ames,
R.W., Evans, M.C., Gamble, G.D. & Sharpe, S.J. 1993. Effect
of calcium supplementation on bone loss in postmenopausal women.
New England Journal of Medicine 328(7): 460-464. Rubnov, S., Kashman,
Y., Rabinowitz, R., Schlesinger, M. & Mechoulam, R. 2001.
Suppressors of cancer cell proliferation from fig (Ficus carica)
resin: Isolation and structure elucidation. Journal of Natural
Products 64(7): 993-996. Rude, R.K., Gruber,
H.E., Norton, H.J., Wei, L.Y., Frausto, A. & Mills, B.G. 2004.
Bone loss induced by dietary magnesium reduction to 10% of the
nutrient requirement in rats is associated with increased release
of substance P and tumor necrosis factor-α. The Journal
of Nutrition 134(1): 79-85. Sadia, H., Ahmad,
M., Sultana, S., Abdullah, A.Z., Teong, L., Zafar, M. & Bano,
A. 2014. Nutrient and mineral assessment of edible wild fig and
mulberry fruits. Fruits 69(2): 159-166. Shuid, A.N. &
Mohamed, I.N. 2013. Pomegranate use to attenuate bone loss in
major musculoskeletal diseases: An evidence-based review. Current
Drug Targets 14(13): 1565-1578. Singh, D., Singh,
B. & Goel, R.K. 2011. Traditional uses, phytochemistry and
pharmacology of Ficus religiosa: A review. Journal of
Ethnopharmacology 134(3): 565-583. Soni, N., Mehta,
S., Satpathy, G. & Gupta, R.K. 2014. Estimation of nutritional,
phytochemical, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of dried
fig (Ficus carica). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
3(2): 158-165. Tachi, K., Takami,
M., Zhao, B., Mochizuki, A., Yamada, A., Miyamoto, Y., Inoue,
T., Baba, K. & Kamijo, R. 2010. Bone morphogenetic protein
2 enhances mouse osteoclast differentiation via increased levels
of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand expression in osteoblasts.
Cell and Tissue Research 342(2): 213-220. Takayanagi, H.,
Kim, S., Koga, T., Nishina, H., Isshiki, M., Yoshida, H., Saiura,
A., Isobe, M., Yokochi, T., Inoue, J.I. & Wagner, E.F. 2002.
Induction and activation of the transcription factor NFATc1 (NFAT2)
integrate RANKL signaling in terminal differentiation of osteoclasts.
Developmental Cell 3(6): 889-901. Teitelbaum, S.L.
& Ross, F.P. 2003. Genetic regulation of osteoclast development
and function. Nature Reviews Genetics 4(8): 638. Theill, L.E., Boyle,
W.J. & Penninger, J.M. 2002. RANK-L and RANK: T cells, bone
loss, and mammalian evolution. Annual Review of Immunology
20(1): 795-823. Viatour, P., Merville,
M.P., Bours, V. & Chariot, A. 2005. Phosphorylation of NF-κB
and IκB proteins: Implications in cancer and inflammation.
Trends in Biochemical Sciences 30(1): 43-52. Vinson, J.A. 1999.
The functional food properties of figs. Cereal Foods World
44(2): 82-87. Yamashita, T.,
Yao, Z., Li, F., Zhang, Q., Badell, I.R., Schwarz, E.M., Takeshita,
S., Wagner, E.F., Noda, M., Matsuo, K. & Xing, L. 2007. NF-κB
p50 and p52 regulate receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)
and tumor necrosis factor-induced osteoclast precursor differentiation
by activating c-Fos and NFATc1. Journal of Biological Chemistry
282(25): 18245- 18253. Yoshida, H., Hayashi,
S.I., Kunisada, T., Ogawa, M., Nishikawa, S., Okamura, H., Sudo,
T., Shultz, L.D. & Nishikawa, S.I. 1990. The murine mutation
osteopetrosis is in the coding region of the macrophage colony
stimulating factor gene. Nature 345(6274): 442. Zhao, Q., Shao,
J., Chen, W. & Li, Y.P. 2007. Osteoclast differentiation and
gene regulation. Frontier in Bioscience 12(1): 2519-2529.
Zhou, B., Cron, R.Q., Wu, B., Genin,
A., Wang, Z., Liu, S., Robson, P. & Baldwin, H.S. 2002. Regulation
of the murine Nfatc1 gene by NFATc2. Journal of Biological
Chemistry 277(12): 10704-10711.
|
|||
|
