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http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2019-4811-06
Distribution of Chromium
and Gallium in the Total Suspended Solid and Surface Sediments of
Sungai Kelantan, Kelantan, Malaysia (Taburan Kromium dan Galium
di dalam Jumlah Pepejal Terampai dan Permukaan Sedimen di Sungai
Kelantan, Kelantan, Malaysia)
MOHAMAD ARIF CHE ABD RAHIM1, ANIRUTH
A/L APROI1, XUEFA SHI2, SHENGFA LIU2, MASNI MOHD ALI1, WAN ZUHAIRI WAN YAACOB1 & CHE ABD RAHIM MOHAMED1*
1Center of Earth Science
and Environment, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
2First Institute of
Oceanography, SOA, No.6, Xianxialing Road, Qingdao, China
Diserahkan:
6 April 2019/Diterima: 15 Ogos 2019
ABSTRACT
Concentration level of
chromium (Cr) and gallium (Ga) were measured in the total suspended solid (TSS)
and surface sediments to investigate its distribution and anthropogenic inputs
along Sungai Kelantan. The in-situ water quality
parameters, surface sediment and surface water were collected using calibrated
portable YSI water quality meter, ponar grab and water sampler,
respectively. The concentration range of chromium and gallium in TSS were
from 19-111 μg/g and 153-3762 μg/g, respectively, along the river.
While in surface sediment, the concentrations ranged from 16-172 μg/g for
Cr and 25-82 μg/g for Ga. The high concentration of Ga in TSS and
Cr in sediment would suggest that the anthropogenic inputs takes place in the
river channel, which is due to human activities such as sand exploration along
Sungai Kelantan. In mobilization towards the estuary, Ga was more easily
transported in the TSS from upstream to downstream
especially during the wet season. Cr was dominant in sediment due to its
affinity towards inorganic minerals and easily being scavenged in the water
column during burial onto the riverbed sediment. Spatial distribution was
prominent as several factors affecting the distribution along the river channel
addresses the lighter gallium and dissolution of chromium towards surface
sediment while being mobilize further for overall distribution before sinking
in the estuarine region.
Keywords: Heavy metal;
monsoonal season; pollutants; river; sediments
ABSTRAK
Aras kepekatan kromium
(Cr) dan galium (Ga) telah diukur dalam jumlah pepejal terampai
(TSS)
dan sedimen permukaan untuk mengkaji taburan dan juga kemasukan
sumber antropogenik di sepanjang Sungai Kelantan. Parameter in-situ kualiti air, sedimen permukaan dan air permukaan dikumpul
dengan menggunakan YSI meter kualiti air mudah alih
yang dikalibrasi, pensampel cekau ponar dan persampel air. Julat
kepekatan Cr dan Ga di dalam TSS adalah dari 19-111 μg/g dan
153-3762 μg/g masing-masing, di sepanjang sungai. Manakala
di sedimen permukaan pula, julat kepekatan adalah dari 16-172 μg/g
untuk Cr dan 25-82 μg/g untuk Ga. Aras kepekatan yang tinggi
dalam TSS adalah
Ga, manakala Cr dalam sedimen menunjukkan bahawa kemasukan input
antropogenik berlaku di dalam aliran sungai yang disebabkan oleh
aktiviti manusia seperti penggalian pasir di sepanjang Sungai Kelantan.
Bagi mobilisasi ke arah muara, Ga lebih mudah diangkut ke dalam
TSS dari hulu ke hilir terutamanya
semasa musim hujan. Cr adalah lebih dominan di dalam sedimen akibat
keafinan ke arah unsur mineral tak organik dan mudah diskaveng di
dalam turus air semasa pengebumian di atas sedimen sungai. Sebaran
ruang adalah peranan yang menonjol sebagai salah satu faktor yang
mempengaruhi taburan di sepanjang aliran sungai dengan mengenal
pasti bahawa Ga yang lebih ringan dan pelarutan Cr ke dalam sedimen
permukaan ketika mobilisasi mempengaruhi taburan keseluruhan sebelum
terbenam di kawasan muara.
Kata kunci: Logam berat;
musim monsun; pencemar; sedimen; sungai RUJUKAN
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*Pengarang
untuk surat-menyurat; email: carmohd@ukm.edu.my
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