Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences Vol 19 No 2 (2015): 437 – 444

 

 

 

CONSTITUTIVE, INSTITUTIVE AND UP-REGULATION OF CAROTENOGENESIS REGULATORY MECHANISM VIA IN VITRO CULTURE MODEL SYSTEM AND ELICITORS

 

(Mekanisme Regulatori dalam Pembentukan Karatenoid Secara Konsitutif, Institutif dan Regulasi Menaik Melalui Model Sistem in vitro dan Pengelisit)

 

Rashidi Othman¹*, Fatimah Azzahra Mohd Zaifuddin¹, Norazian Mohd Hassan²

 

¹International Institute for Halal Research and Training (INHART), Herbarium Unit,

Department of Landscape Architecture, Kulliyyah of Architecture and Environmental Design,

International Islamic University Malaysia, 53100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

²Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy,

International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200 Kuantan, Malaysia

 

*Corresponding author: rashidi@iium.edu.my

 

 

Received: 8 December 2014; Accepted: 14 January 2015

 

 

Abstract

Phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays a regulatory role in many physiological processes in plants and is regulated and controlled by specific key factors or genes. Different environmental stress conditions such as water, drought, cold, light, and temperature result in increased amounts of ABA. The action of ABA involves modification of gene expression and analysis of in vitro callus model system cultures revealed several potential of constitutive, institutive and up-regulation acting regulatory mechanisms. Therefore, this study was aimed at establishing in vitro cultures as potential research tools to study the regulatory mechanisms of the carotenoid biosynthesis in selected plant species through a controlled environment. The presence and absence of zeaxanthin and neoxanthin in callus cultures and intact plants could be explained by changes in gene expression in response to stress. Abiotic stress can alter gene expression and trigger cellular metabolism in plants. This study suggested that the key factors which involved in regulatory mechanisms of individual carotenoid biosynthesis in a particular biology system of plants can be either be silenced or activated. Therefore, based on the results in this study environmental stress is made possible for enhancement or enrichment of certain carotenoid of interest in food crops without altering the genes.

 

Keywords: carotenogenesis, elicitors, regulatory mechanisms, constitutive, institutive, up-regulation

 

Abstrak

Di dalam kebanyakan proses regulasi fisiologi tumbuhan, fitohormon asid absisik (ABA) memainkan peranan penting dan mekanisme ini dikawal oleh gen-gen yang tertentu. Keadaan persekitaran yang ekstrem dan tegar seperti kemarau, banjir, kesejukan melampau, cahaya dan suhu juga akan mempengaruhi penghasilan ABA. Peningkatan ABA akan mengakibatkan perubahan dalam ekspresi genetik dan ini terbukti apabila analisis terhadap model sistem kalus secara in vitro menghasilkan 3 jenis mekanisme regulasi tumbuhan yang dikenali sebagai konstitutif, institutif dan regulasi menaik. Justeru itu kajian ini bertujuan merekabentuk satu model sistem in vitro menggunakan kultur kalus sebagai satu alat atau medium untuk mengkaji proses regulasi tumbuhan terpilih terhadap biosintesis karatenoid di dalam persekitaran terkawal. Hasil kajian mendapati kehadiran zeaxanthin dan neoxanthin di dalam kultur kalus dan tumbuhan asal merupakan petunjuk terhadap perubahan ekspresi genetik terhadap keadaan persekitaran yang ekstrem. Menariknya, mekanisme kehadiran sebatian ini boleh diaktifkan atau dihilangkan. Kepentingan hasil kajian ini adalah faktor persekitaran boleh dimanipulasi untuk meningkatkan produktiviti atau kualiti sesuatu tanaman tanpa melalui proses pengubahsuaian genetik.

 

Kata kunci: kerotenogenesis, pengelisit, mekanisme regulatori, konsitutif, institutif, regulasi menaik

 

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