Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences Vol 23 No 1 (2019): 100 - 108

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SrSnO₃ USING DIFFERENT SYNTHESIS METHODS

(Sintesis dan Pencirian SrSnO₃ yang Dihasilkan Melalui Kaedah Sintesis Berlainan)

Muhammad Arif Riza, Suhaila Sepeai, Norasikin Ahmad Ludin, Mohd Asri Mat Teridi, Mohd Adib Ibrahim*

Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI)

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: mdadib@ukm.edu.my

Received: 13 April 2017; Accepted: 17 April 2018

Abstract

Perovskites are materials that have many potential applications, such as humidity sensors, transparent conductive oxides, photocatalysts and capacitors. Strontium stannate (SrSnO₃) is a perovskite semi-conductor material with a wide band gap. Several synthesis methods are commonly used to form SrSnO₃, including solid-state reaction (SSR), sol-gel and hydrothermal. The SSR method requires high temperature calcination. On the other hand, sol-gel and hydrothermal methods merely need a lower calcination temperature to form perovskite materials. The sol-gel methods were done by adding a surfactant to Sr(NO₃)₂ and SnCl₂ solution in water before calcination. The autoclave approach was used in the hydrothermal method prior to calcination to form SrSnO₃. The objective of this study was to determine the morphological and optical properties of SrSnO₃ synthesized by sol-gel, hydrothermal and SSR. The band gap was calculated via Kubelka-Munk relations and were found to be 4.05 eV (hydrothermal), 5.50 eV (sol-gel) and 3.95 eV (SSR). Sol-gel methods showed the widest band gap for SrSnO₃. Optical results showed that there is a difference in terms of band gap for a perovskite synthesized by the different methods. Mass reduction analysis by TGA showed a sol-gel has mass loss of approximately 58% due to dehydration, which is more than for hydrothermally synthesized SrSnO₃. This reduction is higher than for SrSnO₃ synthesized by hydrothermal method. It was observed that different synthesis methods impact the optical properties and morphology of SrSnO₃ powders.

Keywords: perovskites, hydrothermal, sol-gel, band gap, solid-state reaction

Abstrak

Perovskit merupakan bahan yang mempunyai banyak potensi untuk digunakan sebagai penderia kelembapan, oksida konduktif lutsinar, fotomangkin dan kapasitor. Strontium stannat (SrSnO₃) adalah bahan separuh konduktif berstruktur perovskit dengan jurang jalur yang besar. Beberapa kaedah sintesis biasanya digunakan untuk membentuk SrSnO₃ termasuk tindak balas keadaan pepejal (SSR), sol-gel dan hidroterma. Kaedah SSR memerlukan penalaan suhu yang tinggi, manakala kaedah sol-gel dan hidroterma hanya memerlukan suhu pengkalsinan yang lebih rendah untuk membentuk bahan perovskit. Kaedah sol-gel dilakukan dengan menambah surfaktan pada larutan Sr(NO₃)₂ dan SnCl₂ dalam air sebelum pengkalsinan. Pendekatan autoklaf digunakan dalam kaedah hidroterma sebelum pengkalsinan untuk membentuk SrSnO₃. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk menentukan morfologi dan ciri optik bagi bahan SrSnO₃ yang disintesis melalui kaedah sol-gel, hidroterma dan SSR. Jurang jalur telah dikira melalui hubungan Kubelka-Munk dan didapati nilainya adalah 4.05 eV (hidroterma), 5.50 eV (sol-gel) dan 3.95 eV (SSR). Kaedah sol-gel menunjukkan jurang jalur yang terbesar bagi SrSnO₃. Ciri optik menunjukkan wujudnya perbezaan antara jurang jalur bagi perovskit yang disintesis melalui kaedah yang berlainan. Analisa pengurangan jisim menggunakan TGA menunjukkan bahawa sol-gel mempunyai pengurangan jisim dianggarkan sebanyak 58% disebabkan penyahhidratan. Pengurangan ini adalah lebih tinggi berbanding dengan SrSnO₃ yang disintesis melalui kaedah hidroterma. Ia telah dilihat bahawa kaedah sintesis boleh memberi kesan pada ciri optik dan morfologi pada serbuk SrSnO₃.

Kata kunci: perovskit, hidroterma, sol-gel, julang jalur, tindak balas keadaan pepejal

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