Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences Vol 23 No 4 (2019): 586 - 594

COMPARISON OF EXTRACTION TECHNIQUES FOR THREE Calophyllum SPECIES AND THEIR ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY

(Perbandingan Teknik Pengekstrakan untuk Tiga Spesies Calophyllum dan Aktiviti Antioksidan)

Siti Nurhafizah Ramli¹, Nurul Iman Aminudin¹*, Farediah Ahmad², Deny Susanti¹

¹Department of Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Science,

International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia

²Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science,

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: nuruliman@iium.edu.my

Received: 19 August 2018; Accepted: 23 June 2019

Abstract

Calophyllum is a pan-tropical genus belonging to the Guttiferae family and is known in Malaysia as ‘bintangor’. There has been continual interest to further investigate the phytochemistry of Calophyllum species since this genus is a rich source of active secondary metabolites, which show anti-HIV, cytotoxicity, and antimicrobial properties. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of extraction techniques on the phytochemicals content and antioxidant activity of the barks, leaves, and heartwood extracts of three Calophyllum species, namely C. incrassatum, C. rubiginosum, and C. canum. Soxhlet and maceration extraction techniques by using methanol as solvent were chosen in this study. The maceration extraction technique produced higher percentage yield as compared to Soxhlet extraction for leaves and barks of the three Calophyllum species. The highest percentage yield was obtained from the bark extract of C. canum (21.76%), followed by the bark extract of C. rubiginosum (20.24%) and leaves extract of C. rubiginosum (19.34%). Meanwhile, the Soxhlet extraction technique gave higher percentage yield as compared to the maceration technique for heartwood extracts of all samples. The phytochemical screening test revealed that all extracts contained tannin, phenol, flavonoid, terpenes, cardiac glycoside, coumarin, and phytosterol. The highest total phenolic content was obtained from Soxhlet extraction technique. The bark extract of C. canum displayed the highest phenolic content (461.90 mg GAE/g), followed by the bark extract of C. incrassatum (394.52 mg GAE/g) and leaves extract of C. incrassatum (227.89 mg GAE/g). The bark extract of C. canum showed the lowest IC₅₀ value (3.07 µg/mL), followed by the bark extract of C. incrassatum (5.12 µg/mL) and leaves extract of C. incrassatum (5.93 µg/mL). Pearson’s correlation test showed a positive correlation between total phenolic content and DPPH radical scavenging activity.

Keywords: Calophyllum, C. incrassatum, C. rubiginosum, C. canum, antioxidant

Abstrak

Calophyllum ialah sejenis genus pan-tropika milik keluarga Guttiferae dan dikenali di Malaysia sebagai 'bintangor'. Terdapat minat yang berterusan untuk mengkaji fitokimia Calophyllum spesies memandangkan genus ini merupakan sumber yang kaya dengan metabolit sekunder aktif yang menunjukkan ciri-ciri anti-HIV, sitotoksisiti dan antimikrob. Kajian ini dijalankan untuk mengkaji kesan teknik pengekstrakan terhadap kandungan fitokimia dan aktiviti antioksidan daripada ekstrak kulit, daun dan batang daripada tiga spesies Calophyllum, C. incrassatum, C. rubiginosum dan C. canum. Teknik pengekstrakan Soxhlet dan rendaman dengan menggunakan metanol sebagai pelarut telah dipilih dalam kajian ini. Teknik pengekstrakan rendaman menghasilkan hasil peratusan yang lebih tinggi berbanding dengan pengekstrakan Soxhlet untuk daun dan kulit ketiga-tiga spesies Calophyllum. Hasil peratusan paling tinggi diperoleh daripada ekstrak kulit C. canum (21.76%) diikuti oleh ekstrak kulit C. rubiginosum (20.24%) dan ekstrak daun C. rubiginosum (19.34%). Sementara itu, teknik pengekstrakan Soxhlet memberikan hasil peratusan yang lebih tinggi berbanding dengan teknik rendaman untuk ekstrak batang dari semua sampel. Ujian saringan fitokimia menunjukkan semua ekstrak mengandungi tanin, fenol, flavonoid, terpena, kardiak glikosida, komarin dan fitosterol. Jumlah kandungan fenolik tertinggi diperolehi daripada teknik pengekstrakan Soxhlet. Ekstrak kulit C. canum menunjukkan kandungan fenolik tertinggi (461.90 mg GAE/g) diikuti oleh ekstrak kulit C. incrassatum (394.52 mg GAE/g) dan ekstrak daun C. incrassatum (227.89 mg GAE/g). Ekstrak kulit C. canum menunjukkan nilai IC₅₀ terendah (3.07 μg/mL) diikuti oleh ekstrak kulit C. incrassatum (5.12 μg/mL) dan ekstrak daun C. incrassatum (5.93 μg/mL). Ujian korelasi Pearson menunjukkan korelasi positif antara jumlah kandungan fenolik dan aktiviti pemerangkapan radikal DPPH.

Kata kunci: Calophyllum, C. incrassatum, C. rubiginosum, C. canum, antioksidan

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