 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
Composition
and Sources of Sterols in Pulau Tinggi, Johor, Malaysia
(Komposisi dan Sumber Sterol di Pulau Tinggi, Johor, Malaysia)
Masni Mohd Ali*, Norfariza Humrawali & Mohd Talib Latif
School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Mohamad Pauzi Zakaria
Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia
43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Diserahkan: 14 Disember 2009 / Diterima: 4 Ogos 2010
ABSTRACT
This study explores the
role of sterols as lipid biomarkers to indicate their input which originates
from various sources in the marine environment. Sterols and their ratios were
investigated in sediments taken from sixteen sampling stations at Pulau Tinggi,
Johor in order to assess the sources of organic matter. The compounds extracted
from the sediments were quantified using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
(GC-MS).
The distributions of sterols indicated that organic matter at all sampling
stations originated from a mixture of marine source and terrestrial origins at
different proportions. A total of eleven sterols were quantified with the major compounds being phytosterols (44% of total sterols),
cholesterol (11%), brassicasterol (11%) and fecal sterols (12%).
Keywords: Cholesterol;
fecal sterol; lipid biomarker; phytosterol
ABSTRAK
Kajian ini mengetengahkan
peranan sterol sebagai penunjuk biolipid untuk menunjukkan input
sebatian-sebatian sterol yang berpunca daripada pelbagai sumber di pesekitaran
marin. Sterol yang hadir di dalam sampel sedimen yang diambil dari 16 stesen
pensampelan di Pulau Tinggi dikaji dengan menggunakan nisbah tertentu untuk
menentukan sumber bahan organik tersebut. Sebatian yang diekstrak daripada
sedimen dianalisis menggunakan gas kromatografi-spektrometri jisim (GC-MS).
Taburan sterol menunjukkan bahan organik di semua stesen pensampelan berpunca
daripada campuran sumber marin dan terestrial pada jumlah yang berbeza.
Sebanyak 11 sterol dikenalpasti hadir dengan fitosterol
merupakan sebatian utama (44% daripada jumlah sterol), diikuti oleh kolesterol
(11%), brasikasterol (11%) dan sterol daripada sisa kumbahan (12%).
Kata kunci:
Fitosterol; kolesterol; penunjuk biolipid; sterol; sterol kumbahan
RUJUKAN
Bull, I.D., Lockheart, M.J.,
Elhmmali, M.M., Roberts, D.J. & Evershed, R.P. 2002. The origin of faeces by means of biomarker detection. Environment
International 27: 647-654.
Dai, J. & Sun,
M.Y. 2007. Organic matter sources and their use by bacteria in the sediments
of the Altamaha estuary
during high and low discharge periods. Organic Chemistry 38: 1-15.
Devane, M.,
Saunders, D. & Gilpin, B. 2006. Faecal sterols and
fluorescent whiteners as indicators of the source of faecal contamination. Chemistry
in New Zealand 70(3): 74-77.
Duan, Y. & Ma, L. 2001. Lipid geochemistry
in a sediment core from Ruoergai Marsh deposit (Eastern Qinghai-Tibet plateau, China). Organic
Geochemistry 32: 1429-1442.
Fahl, K. &
Stein, R. 1999. Biomarkers as
organic-carbon-source and environmental indicators in the Late Quaternary Arctic Ocean:
problems and perspectives. Marine Chemistry 63: 293-309.
Fernandes, M.B., Sicre, M.-A., Cordosa, J.N. & Macêdo,
S.J. 1999. Sedimentary 4-desmethyl sterols and n-alkanols in an
eutrophic urban estuary, Capibaribe River, Brazil. The Science of The Total Environmental 231: 1-16.
Froehner, S.,
Martins, R.F. & Errera, M.R. 2008. Assessment of fecal
sterols in Barigui River sediments in Curitiba, Brazil. Environment Monitoring Assessment 157: 591-600.
Giner, J.L., Li, X. & Boyer, G.L. 2001. Sterol
composition of Aureoumbra lagunensis, the Texas brown tide alga. Phytochemistry 57: 787-789.
Heiri, O., Lotter, A. F. & Lemcke, G. 2001. Loss on ignition as
a method for estimating organic and carbonate content in sediments:
reproducibility and comparability of results. Journal of Paleolimnology 25:
101-110.
Hyun, J.H., Ju, S.J. & Harvey, H.R. 2002. Fecal contamination
associated with local reclamation activity in the Han River Estuary. Journal
of the Korean Society of Oceanography 37: 1-8.
Jardé, E., Gruau, G. & Mansuy-Huault, L. 2007. Using sterols to
detect pig slurry contribution to soil organic matter. Water, Air, Soil
Pollution 178: 169-178.
Leeming, R., Ball, A., Ashbolt, N. & Nichols, P. 1996. Using faecal sterols
from humans and animals to distinguish faecal pollution in receiving waters. Water
Research 30: 2893-2900.
Logan, GA., Fredericks, D.J., Smith, C.
& Heggie, D.T. 2001. Sources
of organic matter in Wallis Lake. AGSO Research Newsletter: 15-20.
Marchand, D., Marty, J.-C.,
Miquel, J.-C., Rontani, J.-F. 2005. Lipids and their oxidation products as biomarkers for
carbon cycling in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea: results from a sediment
trap study. Marine Chemistry 95: 129-147.
Masni, M.A. & Mudge, S.M.
2006. Cluster analysis in lipid biomarker studies: Acase of Clyde Sea. Sains
Malaysiana 35(2): 41-47.
Mater, L., Alexandre, M.R., Hansel, F.A. & Madureira, L.A.S. 2004.
Assessment of lipid compounds and phosphorus in mangrove sediments of Santa
Catarina Island, SC, Brazil. Journal
of the Brazillian Chemical Society 15(5): 725-734.
Méjanelle, L. & Laureillard, J.
2008. Lipid biomarker
record in surface sediments at three sites of contrasting productivity in the
tropical North Eastern Atlantic. Marine
Chemistry 108: 59-76.
Mudge, S.M., Bebianno, M.J.A. F., East, J.A. & Barreira, L.A. 1998. Sterols in
the Ria Formosa Lagoon, Portugal. Water
Research 33(4): 1038-1048.
Mudge, S.M. & Duce, C.E. 2005. Identifying the
source, transport path and sinks of sewage derived organic matter. Environmental
Pollution 136: 209-220.
Mudge, S.M. & Norris, C.E. 1997. Lipid biomarkers in
the Conwy Estuary (North Wales, U.K.): a comparison between fatty alcohols and sterols. Marine
Chemistry 57: 61-84.118
Mudge, S.M. & Seguel, C.G. 1999. Organic contaminatin of
San Vicente Bay
Chile. Marine Pollution Bulletin 38: 1011-1021.
Ni, H.-G., Lu, F.-H., Luo, X.-L., Tian, H.-Y. & Zeng, E.-Y. 2008.
Riverine inputs of total organic carbon and suspended particulate matter from
the Pearl River Delta to the coastal
ocean off South China. Marine Pollution Bulletin 56: 1150-1157.
Pagani, M., Freeman, K.H. & Arthur, M.A. 1999. Isotope analyses of
molecular and total organic carbon from Miocene sediments. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta 64: 37-49.
Patton, D. & Reeves, A.D. 1999. Sterol
concentrations and temporal variations on the north shore mudflats of the firth
of Tay, Scotland. Marine Pollution Bulletin 38: 613-618.
Pittet, A., Stettler, R. & Kuebler, B. 1990. Use of coprostanol
as a specific allochtonous fecal indicator in surface sediment of the Lake of
Neuchâtel. Aquatic Sciences 52(7): 130-143.
Ponomarenko, L. P., Makarieva, T. N., Stonik, V. A., Dmitrenok, A. S. & Dmitrenok, P. S.
1995. Sterol composition of Linneus torquatus (Nemertini) Anopla. Comparative
Viochemistry and Physiology 111B(4): 575-577
Pratt, C., Warnken, J., Leeming, R., Arthur, M.J. & Grice, D.I. 2008. Degradation and
responses of coprostanol and selected sterol biomarkers in sediments to a
simulated major sewage pollution event: Amicrocosm experiment under sub-tropical estuarine conditions. Organic
Geochemistry 39: 353-369.
Puglisi, E., Nicelli, M., Capri,
E., Trevisan, M. & Del Re, A.M. 2003. Cholesterol, β-sitosterol, ergosterol and
coprostanol in agricultural soils. Journal of Environmental Quality 32:
466-471.
Reeves, A.D. & Patton, D. 2001. Measuring
change in sterol input to estuarine sediments. Physics and Chemistry of the
Earth 26: 753-757.
Santos, E.S.,
Carreira, R. de S. &
Knoppers, B.A. 2008. Sedimentary
sterols as indicators of environmental conditions in Southeastern Guanabara Bay, Brazil. Brazillian
Journal of Oceanography 56: 97-113.
Seguel, C.G., Mudge, S.M.,
Salgado, C. & Toleda, M. 2001. Tracing sewage in the marine environment: Altered signatures
in Concepción Bay, Chile. Water Research 17: 4166-4174.
Shi, W., Sun, M.Y.,
Molina, M. & Hodson, R.E. 2001. Variability in the distribution of lipid biomarkers
and their molecular isotopic composition in Altamaha estuarine sediments: implications for the relative
contribution of organic matter from various sources. Organic Geochemistry 32:
453-467.
Smith, S.V. & Hollibaugh, J.T.
1993. Coastal metabolism and the oceanic organic carbon balance. Reviews of
Geophysics 31(1): 75-89.
Teshima, S-I. & Kanazawa, A. 1978. Occurence of
coprostanol, 24-ethylcoprostanol and 5α-stanols in the marine sediments. Journal
of the Oceanographical Society of Japan 34: 85-92.
Thoumelin, G., Bodineau, L. & Wartel, M. 1997. Origin and transport
of organic matter across the Seine estuary : Fatty acid and sterol variations. Marine
Chemistry 58: 59-71.
Venkatesan, M.I. & Santiago,
C.A. 1989. Sterols in
ocean sediments: Novel tracers examine habitats of cetaceans, pinnipeds, penguins
and humans. Marine Biology 102: 431-437.
Volkman, J.K., Barrett, S.M. & Blackburn, S.I. 1999.
Eustigmatophyte microalgae are potential sources of C29 sterols, C22-C28 n-alcohols
and C28-C32 n-alkyl diols in freshwater environments. Organic
Geochemistry 30: 307-318.
Volkman, J.K., Barrett, S.M., Blackburn, S.I., Mansour, M.P.,
Sikes, E.L. & Gelin, F. 1998. Microalgal
biomarkers: Areview of recent research developments. Organic Geochemistry 29:
1163-1998.
Zimmerman, A.R. & Canuel, E.A. 2001. Bulk organic matter
and lipid biomarker composition of Chesapeake Bay surficial sediments as indicators of environmental processes. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 53: 319-341.
*Corresponding author; email: masni@ukm.my
|
|||
|
