Sains Malaysiana 44(1)(2015): 121–126
A
Thermal Degradation (Thermolysis) Study of Rotenone Extracted from Derris
elliptica Roots Using Reverse-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography
(RP-HPLC)
(Kajian Degradasi Terma (Termolisis) bagi Rotenon dalam Cecair Ekstrak
Mentah Pekat (CLCE) Diekstrak daripada
Akar Derris elliptica Menggunakan Fasa Keterbalikan Cecair
Kromatografi Berprestasi Tinggi (HPLC))
SAIFUL IRWAN ZUBAIRI1*, MOHAMAD ROJI SARMIDI2 & RAMLAN ABDUL AZIZ2
1School of Chemical
Sciences & Food Technology, Faculty of Science & Technology
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Darul
Ehsan, Malaysia
2Institute of
Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysiam 81310 Skudai,
Johor Darul
Takzim, Malaysia
Diserahkan: 20 Ogos 2013/Diterima: 2 Julai 2014
ABSTRACT
Bio-pesticides are becoming increasingly important as pest
management tools in various cropping systems in the tropics essentially to
remedy problems associated with the indiscriminate use of ‘hard’ and non-environmental
friendly inorganic pesticide. In these past few decades, many bio-pesticidal
products, both microbial-based (bacteria, fungi, microsprodia, entomopathogenic
nematodes and viruses) and plant-based botanicals (rotenone and azadiracthin) have
been studied for their use against insect pests in the tropics. In this study,
the effects of the concentration process with respect to the yield of rotenone
(mg) and its concentration (mg/mL) are presented extensively. The raw plants
were collected from Kota Johor Lama, Johor and sorted to obtain the roots and
stems. Only the roots and stems were utilized as raw materials of the
extraction process. The rotenone from roots and stems was extracted using the
normal soaking extraction (NSE) at 28 to 30oC
with 95% (v/v) of acetone as a solvent and the solvent-to-solid ratio of 10
mL/g. The extraction was carried out for 24 h. Next, the liquid crude extract
was concentrated using the rotary evaporator at 50oC
and 80 mbar of vacuum pressure to remove approximately 90% of solvent. The
fractions of the liquid crude extract were collected (15 min/mL/fraction),
diluted (1/100 with acetone) and cleaned up (to remove any fine debris) prior
to determination of rotenone content (mg) and concentration (mg/mL) by using the
reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC).
Finally, the results showed that there was a significant effect of thermal
degradation or dissipation of rotenone content at higher operating temperature
(greater than 40oC) with a rapid rotenone
reduction for the first 15 min of exposure. The possibilities for better
exploitation and identification of the effective operating parameters based on
the above mentioned results will be perhaps discussed in the future.
Keywords: Concentrated liquid crude extract; Derris elliptica; rotenone; thermal
degradation
ABSTRAK
Bio-pestisid pada masa ini sedang mengalami peningkatan
yang sangat penting sebagai kaedah mengawal makhluk perosak dalam
variasi sistem tanaman tropika terutamanya sebagai jalan untuk mengatasi
masalah yang berkaitan dengan penyalahgunaan pestisid bahan bukan
organik berat yang tidak mesra alam. Dalam beberapa dekad yang lalu, banyak produk
bio-pestisid, kedua-duanya bagi basis mikrob (bakteria, kulat, mikrosprodia,
entomopatogenik nematod dan virus) dan bahan botani berasaskan tumbuhan
(rotenon dan azadiraktin) telah dikaji berkesan untuk kegunaan serangga
perosak dalam iklim tropika. Dalam kajian ini, kesan daripada
proses pemekatan terhadap keberhasilan rotenon (mg) dan kepekatannya
(mg/mL) telah dikaji secara menyeluruh. Sumber
pokok mentah dikumpulkan dari Kota Johor Lama, Johor dan diasingkan
untuk pengumpulan akar dan batang. Hanya akar dan batang
sahaja digunakan sebagai sumber bahan mentah untuk proses pengekstrakan.
Rotenon daripada bahagian akar dan batang diekstrak menggunakan
pengekstrakan celuran norma pada suhu bilik iaitu 28 to 30oC
dengan 95% (v/v) aseton sebagai pelarut dan nisbah pelarut-kepada-pepejal
bagi proses pengekstrakkan adalah 10 mL/g. Proses pengekstrakan
dijalankan selama 1440 min. Seterusnya, cecair ekstrak mentah dipekatkan
menggunakan alat penyejatan berpusing pada suhu 50oC dan tekanan vakum 80 mbar untuk
mengeluarkan pelarut aseton sebanyak lebih kurang 90%. Fraksi cecair
ekstrak mentah dikumpulkan (15 min/mL/fraksi), dicairkan (1/100
dengan aseton) dan ditapis (untuk membuang sebarang habuk halus)
sebelum proses analisis kandungan rotenon (mg) dan kepekatannya
(mg/mL) menggunakan fasa terbalik cecair kromatografi berprestasi
tinggi (HPLC). Akhirnya, keputusan uji
kaji menunjukkan bahawa terdapat kesan signifikan degradasi terma
terhadap kandungan rotenon pada suhu operasi tinggi (melebihi 40oC)
dengan kadar pengurangan pantas rotenon
pada 15 min pertama operasi. Kebarangkalian untuk mengkaji dan mengenal
pasti parameter operasi yang lebih effektif berdasarkan kepada keputusan
uji kaji ini akan dibincangkan kelak.
Kata kunci: Cecair ekstrak mentah pekat; degradasi
terma; Derris elliptica; rotenon
RUJUKAN
AOAC. 2000. Official Method 983.06, Rotenone in Pesticide
Formulations. Liquid Chromatographic Method. First
Action 1983 and Final Action 1991. AOAC Official Method of
Analysis.
Baron, L.R. & Freudenthal, I.R.
1976. Separation of rotenoids by high pressure liquid chromatography. Journal of
Chromatography 134: 207-209.
Cavoski, I., Caboni, P., Sarais, G.,
Cabras, P. & Miano, T. 2007. Photodegradation of rotenone in soils under environmental
conditions. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55(17): 7069-7074.
Cheng, H.M., Yamamoto, J.E. &
Casida 1972. Rotenone photodecomposition. Journal of Agricultural Food. Chem. 20(4):
850-856.
Gaby, S. 1986. Natural crop protection in the tropics -
DERRIS: Derris elliptica, D. Malaccensis, D. uliginosa. Weikersheim:
Margraf Publishers GmbH Scientific Books.
Grinda, F. & Gueyne, J. 1986. Extraction
of insecticides from plants. USPTO Patent Full -Text and Image Database,
Saphyr S.A.R.L. (France) (U.S Patent: 4,698,222).
John, R.A. & Ron, R.K. 1944. Insect Control. Jour.
Econ. Ento. 37: 400-408.
Kidd, H. & James, D.R. 1991. The
Agrochemicals Handbook. 3rd ed. Royal Society of Chemistry
Information Services. Cambridge: United Kingdom. pp: 2-13.
Kole, R.K., Satpathi, C., Chowdhury, A.
& Ghosh, M.R. 1992. Isolation
of amorphalone, a potent rotenoid insecticide from Tephrosia candida. J. Agri. Food Chem. 40: 1208-1210.
Pagan, C., Richard, R.H. &
Loustalot, A.J. 1949. The effect of sun,
shade and oven-drying on the toxicological and
chemical values of Derris root. Journal of Agricultural Research 78:
11.
Pielichowski, K. & Njuguna, J. 2008. Thermal
Degradation of Polymeric Materials. Shrewsbury: Smithers Rapra
Press.
Rodney, B. & Alan, H. 1976. Determination
of rotenone in pesticide formulations and the separations of six rotenoids by
reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Journal of
Chromatography 134(1977): 210-215.
Schnick, R.A. 1974. Review of the literature on the use of
rotenone in fisheries. FWS-LR-74/15, NTIS Conc. No. PB- 235 454/6, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, La Crosse, Wis. Fish
Control Lab. 7423:130.
Toshiyuki, K. 2004. Photodegradation of
pesticides on plant and soil surfaces. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 182: 1-195.
Zubairi, S.I., Sarmidi, M.R. &
Aziz, R.A. 2014a. A study of rotenone from Derris roots
of varies location, plant parts and types of solvent used. Adv. Environ.
Biol. 8(2): 445-449.
Zubairi, S.I., Sarmidi, M.R. &
Aziz, R.A. 2014b. Identification of bio-active constituents from Derris elliptica liquid crude extract using vacuum
liquid chromatography. Adv. Environ. Biol. 8(2): 437-440.
Zubairi, S.I., Sarmidi, M.R. &
Aziz, R.A. 2014c. Precipitation of rotenoids resin
extracted from Derris elliptica roots by means of clarifying agents. Adv.
Environ. Biol. 8(2): 441-444.
*Pengarang
untuk surat-menyurat; email: saiful-z@ukm.edu.my
|