Sains Malaysiana 45(3)(2016): 365–371
Characterization of Hydrocarbons in Smoke
Aerosols from Burning of Three Tropical Wood Species
(Pencirian Hidrokarbon dalam Zarah Asap
daripada Pembakaran Tiga Spesies Kayu Tropika)
TAN HOCK
SENG1*,
MOHD
RADZI
ABAS2
& NORHAYATI MOHD TAHIR1,2
1Institute of Oceanography
and Environment (INOS), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu
21030 Kuala Terengganu,
Terengganu Darul Iman, Malaysia
2Chemistry Department,
Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia
3School of Marin
Science and Environmental, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030,
Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu Darul Iman, Malaysia
Diserahkan: 26
Mei 2014/Diterima: 8 September 2015
ABSTRACT
A study has been carried out
to characterize hydrocarbons emitted from the burning of three
tropical wood species. The woods were burned to ember and smoke
aerosols emitted were sampled using high volume sampler fitted
with a pre-cleaned glass fibre filters. Hydrocarbons were extracted
using ultrasonic agitation with dichloromethane-methanol (3:1
v/v) as solvent and the extracts obtained were then fractionated
on silica-alumina column. Detection and quantification of aliphatic
and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
compounds were carried out using GC-MS. The results indicated that
the major aliphatic hydrocarbons characterized were straight chain
n-alkanes in the range of C12-C35 with
Cmax
in the range of C27-C33.
Rhizophora apiculata and Hevea brasiliensis wood smoke
exhibited a weak odd to even carbon number predominance with carbon
preference index (CPI) values greater than one whereas Melaleuca cajuputi wood smoke aerosols did not exhibit similar
pattern with CPI obtained
close to one. The results obtained also indicated that burning
of these wood resulted in formation of PAHs compounds in their smoke aerosols
with predominance of three to four rings PAHs over the two, five and lesser
of six rings PAHs. PAH diagnostic
ratios calculated except for Flan/(Flan+Py) and Indeno/(Indeno+BgP)
were consistent with the ratios suggested for wood combustion
source as reported in literatures. In the case of the latter,
two diagnostic ratios, the values were generally lower than the
range normally reported for wood combustion.
Keywords: Biomass burning;
combustion process; diagnostic ratios; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons;
smoke aerosols
ABSTRAK
Suatu kajian telah dijalankan
untuk mencirikan unsur hidrokarbon yang dibebaskan daripada pembakaran
tiga spesies pokok kayu tropika. Sampel kayu dibakar sehingga
membara dan zarah asap yang terhasil disampel menggunakan alat
persampelan berisi padu tinggi yang dimuatkan dengan penapis gentian
kaca. Hidrokarbon telah diekstrak dengan agitasi ultrasonik menggunakan
diklorometana-metanol (3:1 v/v) sebagai pelarut dan ekstrak difraksinasi
dalam turus silica-alumina. Pengesanan dan kuantifikasi hidrokarbon
alifatik dan polisiklik aromatik (PAH)
telah dijalankan dengan menggunakan GC-MS. Keputusan menunjukkan hidrokarbon
alifatik utama yang diciri adalah sebatian n-alkana rantai lurus
dalam julat C12-C35 dengan
Cmax
dalam julat C25-C33.
Zarah asap kayu Rhizophora apiculata dan Hevea brasiliensis menunjukkan
lebih banyak karbon bernombor ganjil berbanding karbon genap dengan
nilai indeks pemilihan karbon (IPK) melebihi 1 manakala asap kayu Melaleuca cajuputi tidak menunjukkan ciri yang sama dengan
nilai IPK yang diperoleh adalah hampir
dengan satu. Keputusan juga menunjukkan pembakaran kayu tersebut
menghasilkan unsur PAH dalam zarah asap dengan unsur bergelang
tiga dan empat mendominasi unsur bergelang dua, lima dan enam.
Nisbah diagnostik PAH yang dikira, kecuali nisbah Flan/(Flan+Py) dan Indeno/(Indeno+BgP),
adalah konsisten dengan nisbah yang disarankan dalam penulisan
untuk sumber pembakaran kayu. Namun dalam kes dua nisbah yang
dinyatakan, nilai yang diperoleh pada umumnya lebih rendah daripada
julat yang biasa dilaporkan untuk pembakaran kayu.
Kata kunci: Hidrokarbon polisiklik aromatik; nisbah diagnostik; pembakaran
biojisim; proses pembakaran
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*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email:
hockseng@umt.edu.my