Sains Malaysiana 45(6)(2016): 853–863

Spatial and Temporal Variations of Water Quality and Trophic Status in Bukit Merah Reservoir, Perak

(Variasi Reruang dan Temporal Kualiti Air dan Status Trofik di Takungan Bukit Merah, Perak)

MOHD SHAFIQ ZAKEYUDDIN¹*, AMIR SHAH RUDDIN MD SAH¹, MOHD SYAIFUL MOHAMMAD², NURUL FAZLINDA MOHD FADZIL¹, ZARUL HAZRIN HASHIM¹ & WAN MAZNAH WAN OMAR¹

¹Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Biological Sciences, 11800 Penang, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

²Pulau Banding Rainforest Research Center, Pulau Banding, 33300 Gerik, Perak Darul Ridzuan

Malaysia

Diserahkan: 14 Oktober 2015/Diterima: 27 Disember 2015

ABSTRACT

A study of spatial and temporal variations on water quality and trophic status was conducted twice a month from December 2012 to January 2014 in four sampling stations at Bukit Merah Reservoir (BMR). The concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO), water temperature, conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), total phosphorous (TP), PO₄-, NO₂-, NO₃-, NH₄+ and net primary productivity had significant differences temporally (p<0.05) except for pH, total suspended solids (TSS) and chlorophyll-a. Based on correlation analysis, the amount of rainfall and rain days has negatively correlated with secchi depth and chlorophyll-a (p<0.01). The water level has significantly decreased the value of the temperature, pH, conductivity, TP and NO₂- but it has positive correlation with NO₃- and NH4+. Discharged from Sungai Kurau increased the value of conductivity, TSS, TP and NO₂- as a result from runoff and erosion, thus decreasing the secchi depth values, NO₃- and NH4+. The water quality of BMR is classified in Class II and TSI indicates that the BMR has an intermediate level of productivity (mesotrophic) and meets the objective of this reservoir which was to provide water for paddy irrigation.

Keywords: Bukit Merah reservoir; reservoir; trophic status; water quality

ABSTRAK

Suatu kajian variasi reruang dan temporal ke atas kualiti air dan status trofik telah dijalankan dua kali sebulan dari Disember 2012 sehingga Januari 2014 di empat stesen persampelan Takungan Bukit Merah (BMR). Kepekatan oksigen terlarut (DO), suhu air, konduktiviti, jumlah pepejal terlarut (TDS), jumlah fosforus (TP), PO₄-, NO₂-, NO₃-, NH₄+ dan nilai bersih produktiviti primer berbeza secara signifikan mengikut temporal (p<0.05) kecuali pH, jumlah pepejal terampai (TSS) dan klorofil-a. Berdasarkan analisis korelasi, jumlah hujan dan hari hujan berkorelasi secara negatif dengan kedalaman secchi dan klorofil-a (p<0.01). Aras air secara signifikan menurunkan nilai suhu, pH, konduktiviti, TP dan NO₂- tetapi ia berkorelasi secara positif dengan NO₃- dan NH₄+. Pelepasan dari Sungai Kurau meningkatkan nilai konduktiviti, TSS, TP dan NO₂- akibat daripada air larian dan hakisan, lalu merendahkan nilai kedalaman secchi, NO₃- dan NH₄+. Kualiti air dikelaskan sebagai Kelas II dan TSI menunjukkan bahawa BMR mempunyai aras produktiviti pertengahan (mesotrofik) dan memenuhi objektif takungan iaitu membekalkan air untuk pengairan padi.

Kata kunci: Kualiti air; status trofik; takungan; takungan Bukit Merah

RUJUKAN

Adams, V.D. 1991. Water and Wastewater Examination Manual. Michigan: Lewis Publishers, Inc.

Akinbile, C.O., Yusoff, M.S., Talib, S.H.A., Hasan, Z.A., Ismail, W.R. & Sansudin, U. 2013. Qualitative analysis and classification of surface water in Bukit Merah Reservoir in Malaysia. Water Science & Technology: Water Supply 13.4: 1138-1145.

Alabaster, J.S. & Lloyd, R. 1982. Water Quality Criteria for Freshwater Fish. 2nd ed. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. London: Butterworth Scientific.

Bond, N.R., Lake, P.S. & Arthington A.H. 2008. The impacts of drought on freshwater ecosystems: An Australian perspective. Hydrobiologia 600: 3-16.

Carlson, R.E. 1977. A trophic state index for lakes. Limnology and Oceanography 22(2): 361-269.

Chapman, D. 1996. Water Quality Assessment. London: Chapman and Hall.

Chapra, S.C. 1997. Surface Water-Quality Modeling. UK: McGraw-Hill Companies.

Coakes, S.J., Steed, L. & Dzidic, P. 2006. SPSS version 13.0 for Windows: Analysis Without Anguish. Australia: John Wiley and Sons.

Cole, G.A. 1983. Textbook of Limnology. 3rd ed. St. Louis, Toronto, London: The C.V. Mosby Co.

Costa, H.H. & de Silva, S.S. 1978. The hydrobiology of Colombo (Beira) Lake-IV, seasonal variations in primary productivity. Spol. Zeylan. 32(2): 83-92.

Department of Environment (DOE). 2009. Malaysian Environmental Quality Report (EQR).

Department of Fisheries Malaysia (DOF). 1993. Report on Limnological Study of Reservoirs in Malaysia for Inland Fisheries Development. Compilation of Research Studies and Reports on Rivers, Lakes and Reservoirs in Peninsular Malaysia. pp. 51-117.

Duncan, A. & Kubečka, J. 1995. Land/water ecotone effects in reservoirs on the fish fauna. Hydrobiologia 303: 11-30.

Durand, P., Neal, C., Jeffery, H.A., Ryland, G.P. & Neal, M. 1994. Major, minor and trace element budgets in the Plynlimon afforested catchment (Wales): General trends, and effects of felling and climate variations. Journal of Hydrology 157: 139-156.

Edmondson, W.T. 1980. Secchi disc and chlorophyll. Limnology and Oceanography 25(2): 378-379.

Hamilton, D.P. & Mitchell, S.F. 1997. Wave-induced shear stresses, plant nutrients and chlorophyll in seven shallow lakes. Freshwater Biology 38: 159-168.

Hasan, Z.A., Hamidon, N., Yusoff, M.S. & Ghani, A.A. 2012. Flow and sediment yield simulations for Bukit Merah Reservoir catchment, Malaysia: A case study. Water Science & Technology 66(10): 2170-2176.

Ismail, W.R. & Najib, S.A.M. 2011. Sediment and nutrient balance of Bukit Merah Reservoir, Perak (Malaysia). Lakes & Reservoirs: Research and Management 16: 179-184.

Jain, R.K., Urban, L.V. & Stacey, G.S. 1977. Environmental Impact Analysis. A New Dimension of Decision Making.New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.

Jensen, J.P., Kristensen, P. & Jeppensen, E. 1990. Relationships between nitrogen loading and in lake concentrations in shallow Danish lake. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Verein Limnologie 24: 201-204.

Kah-Wai, K. & Ali, A. 2001. Chenderoh Reservoir, Malaysia: Fish community and artisanal fishery of a small mesotrophic tropical reservoir. In Reservoir and Culture Based Fisheries: Biology and Management. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) Proceedings, edited by Sena S. De Silva. 98: 167-178.

Kristensen, P., Sondergaard, M. & Jeppesen, E. 1992. Resuspension in a shallow eutrophic lake. Hydrobiologia 228: 101-109.

Lawson, E.O. 2011. Physico-chemical parameters and heavy metal contents of water from the mangrove swamps of Lagos Lagoon, Lagos, Nigeria. Advances in Biological Research 5(1): 8-21.

Lee, G.F., Sonzogni, W.C. & Spear, R.D. 1977. Significance of oxic vs anoxic conditions for Lake Mendota sediment phosphorus release. In Interactions between Sediments and Freshwater, edited by Golterman. The Hague: Dr. W. Junk B.V. pp. 294-306.

Meybeck, M., Chapman, D.V. & Helmer, R. 1990. Global Freshwater Quality. Oxford: Blackwell Ltd.

Mohd Shafiq, Z., Amir Shah Ruddin, M.S., Zarul, H.H., Khaled, P., Syaiful, M. & Wan Maznah, W.O. 2014. The effect of seasonal changes on fish assemblages andenvironmental factors in Bukit Merah Reservoir (Malaysia). Transylvanian Review of Systematical and Ecological Research 16(1): 97-108.

Mollah, M.F.A., Moniruzzaman, M. & Rahman, M.M. 2011. Effects of stocking densities on growth and survival of Thai Sharpunti (Barbonymus gonionotus) in earthern ponds. Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 9(2): 327-338.

Othman, M.R., Samat, A. & Hoo, L.S. 2002. The effect of WQI on the distribution of fish in Labu river System in Sub-Langat Basin, Malaysia. Online Journal of Biological Sciences 2(1): 28-31.

Pedrazzi, F.J.d.M., Conceição, F.T.d., Sardinha, D.d.S., Moschini- Carlos, V. & Pompêi, M. 2013. Spatial and temporal quality of water in the Itupararanga Reservoir, Alto Sorocaba Basin (SP), Brazil. Journal of Water Resource and Protection 5: 64-71.

Prosser, I.P., Moran, C.J., Lu, H., Olley, J., DeRose, R.C., Cannon, G., Croke, B., Hughes, A.O., Jakeman, T., Newham, L., Scott, A. & Weisse, M. 2003. Basin-wide Mapping of Sediment and Nutrient Exports in Dryland Regions of the Murray-Darling Basin. CSIRO Land and Water, Canberra. p. 38.

Sarnita, A.S. 1976. Some aspects of fisheries and their development in Man-made Lakes in Indonesia with special reference to Lake Jatiluhur, West Java. In Symposium of Indo Pacific Fishery Commision, Colombo, Sri Lanka. 17: 1-21.

Sheela, A.M., Letha, J., Joseph, S., Chacko, M., Sanal Kumar, S.P. & Thomas, J. 2012. Water quality assessment of a tropical coastal lake system using multivariate cluster, principal component and factor analysis. Lakes & Reservoirs: Research and Management 17: 143-159.

Shuhaimi-Othman, M., Ahmad, A.K. & Norziana, G. 2010. Metal concentrations in Bukit Merah Lake, Perak. Sains Malaysiana 39(6): 883-889.

Siti Fadzilatulhusni, M.S., Ismail, W.R., Najib, S.A.M. & Omar, M.A. 2012. Evaluation of sediment budget of Bukit Merah Reservoir and its catchment area, Perak, Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Environmental Management 13(1): 69-79.

Siti Hidayah, B.A.T. 2012. Study on the influence of water quality and sediment deposition on the delta formation at Bukit Merah Reservoir. PhD Thesis. Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang (Unpublished).

Sreenivasan, A. 1974. Limnological features of a tropical impoundment, Bhavanisagar Reservoir (Tamil Nadu), India. Internationale Revue der gesamten Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie 59(3): 327-342.

Stottlemyer, R. & Troendle, C.A. 1992. Nutrient concentration patterns in streams draining alpine and subalpine catchments, Fraser experimental Forest, Colorado. Journal of Hydrology 140: 1798-208.

Sumayyah, A.M.N. 2010. Imbangan endapan dan nutrient antara kawasan tadahan Sungai Kurau dengan Kolam Selatan Takungan Bukit Merah, Perak MSc. Thesis. Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang (Unpublished).

Swingle, H.S. 1967. Relationships of pH of pond water to their suitability for fish culture. Proceedings of the 9th Pacific Science Congress 10: 72-75.

Welch, E.B. & Cooke, G.D. 1995. Internal phosphorus loading in shallow lakes: Importance and control. Lake and Reservoir Management 11: 273-281.

Wetzel, R.G. 2001. Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems. 3rd ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Wetzel, R.G. & Likens, G.E. 2000. Limnological Analyses. 3rd ed. New York: Springer.

Yap, S.Y. 1982. Fish Resources of Bukit Merah Reservoir. PhD. Thesis, Kuala Lumpur: Universiti Malaya (Unpublished).

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: shafiqzakeyuddin@gmail.com