Sains Malaysiana 52(1)(2023): 71-81

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5201-06

The Potential of Several Wild Invasive Fish Species as Fish-Based Organic Fertilizers on the Growth of Two Common Vegetables in Malaysia

(Potensi Beberapa Spesies Ikan Invasif Liar sebagai Baja Organik Berasaskan Ikan ke atas Pertumbuhan Dua Sayuran Umum di Malaysia)

JENNIFER ANAK FABIAN UNGGANG, MOHD. NIZAM BAKAR & AHMAD BUKHARY AHMAD KHAIR^*

School of Biological Sciences, G08 Building, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Penang, Malaysia

Diserahkan: 28 Jun 2021/Diterima: 21 April 2022

Abstract

Three common invasive fish species in Malaysia, Peacock Bass (Cichla ocellaris), Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Algae Suckermouth Catfish (Hypostomus plecostomus) were assessed for their efficacy as potential fish powder fertilizers. These invasive fish species were known to disturb the stability of lentic and lotic aquatic ecosystems in Malaysia, especially O. niloticus and H. plecostomus, altering aquatic habitats and food webs to be unsuitable for survival of indigenous fish species, while C. ocellaris becoming active aggressive predators on indigenous fish species, overall reducing indigenous fish species diversity. Plant primary macronutrient traces showed that C. ocellaris fish powder fertilizer recorded the highest Nitrogen (N) element percentage (15.81 ± 0.43 N %w/w) and trace Potassium (K) element (28,909.15 ± 32.56 K mg/kg), while H. plecostomus fish powder fertilizer recorded the highest trace Phosphorus (P) element (30,562.09 ± 197.11 P mg/kg). Plant secondary macronutrient traces showed that C. ocellaris fish powder fertilizer recorded the highest trace Magnesium (Mg) element (1496.66 ± 3.99 Mg mg/kg), while H. plecostomus fish powder fertilizer recorded the highest trace Calcium (Ca) element (6984.48 ± 26.20 Ca mg/kg). Two vegetable species tested for their growths, the water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) and the spinach (Spinacia oleracea), showed that C. ocellaris fish powder fertilizer recorded the highest heights (263.74 ± 12.29 mm, 166.35 ± 9.46 mm), the widest leaf width (14.82 ± 0.66 mm, 21.08 ± 1.53 mm), and the widest stalk width (3.06 ± 0.10 mm, 2.89 ± 0.17 mm), respectively, comparable to the NPK 15:15:15 compound fertilizer, followed by H. plecostomus and O. niloticusfish powder fertilizers. C. ocellaris as predatory invasive fish species with the highest Mg concentration and moderate Ca concentrations, was especially suitable for the growth of both semi-aquatic and terrestrial vegetables grown on low Mg concentration soils.

Keywords: Cichla ocellaris; Hypostomus plecostomus; Oreochromis niloticus; organic fertilizer; vegetables

Abstrak

Tiga spesies ikan invasif umum di Malaysia, Ikan Raja (Cichla ocellaris), Tilapia Nil (Oreochromis niloticus) dan Ikan Bandaraya (Hypostomus plecostomus) dinilai terhadap keberkesanannya sebagai baja serbuk ikan yang berpotensi. Ikan invasif ini diketahui mengganggu kestabilan ekosistem akuatik lentik dan lotik di Malaysia, lebih-lebih lagi O. niloticus dan H. plecostomus, mengubah habitat akuatik dan siratan makanan menjadi tidak sesuai kepada kemandirian spesies ikan asli, manakala C. ocellaris menjadi pemangsa aktif agresif ke atas spesies ikan asli, secara keseluruhannya menurunkan kepelbagaian spesies ikan asli. Surihan makronutrien tumbuhan primer menunjukkan baja serbuk ikan C. ocellaris merekodkan peratusan unsur Nitrogen (N) (15.81 ± 0.43 N %w/w) dan surihan unsur Kalium (K) (28,909.15 ± 32.56 K mg/kg) tertinggi, manakala baja serbuk ikan H. plecostomus merekodkan surihan unsur Fosforus (P) tertinggi (30,562.09 ± 197.11 P mg/kg). Surihan makronutrien tumbuhan sekunder menunjukkan baja serbuk ikan C. ocellaris merekodkan surihan unsur Magnesium (Mg) tertinggi (1496.66 ± 3.99 Mg mg/kg), manakala baja serbuk ikan H. plecostomus merekodkan surihan unsur Kalsium (Ca) tertinggi (6984.48 ± 26.20 Ca mg/kg). Dua spesies sayuran yang diuji dari segi pertumbuhan iaitu kangkung (Ipomoea aquatica) dan bayam (Spinacia oleracea), masing-masing menunjukkan bahawa baja serbuk ikan C. ocellaris merekodkan ketinggian tertinggi (263.74 ± 12.2 mm; 166.35 ± 9.46 mm), lebar daun yang paling besar (14.82 ± 0.66 mm; 21.08 ± 1.53 mm) dan batang yang paling tebal (3.06 ± 0.10 mm; 2.89 ± 0.17 mm), sebanding dengan baja sebatian NPK 15:15:15, diikuti oleh baja serbuk ikan H. plecostomus dan O. niloticus. C. ocellaris sebagai ikan invasif pemangsa dengan kepekatan tertinggi Mg dan kepekatan Ca sederhana, sesuai untuk pertumbuhan sayuran separa akuatik dan daratan yang ditanam pada tanah yang rendah kepekatan Mg.

Kata kunci: Baja organik; Cichla ocellaris; Hypostomus plecostomus; Oreochromis niloticus; sayuran

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^*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: abukhary@usm.my