Sains
Malaysiana 52(4)(2023):
1173-1188
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5204-11
Sensitive
and Selective Detection of Chloroform by Current-Voltage Using ZnO Nanorods
Modified Electrode
(Pengesanan
Sensitif dan Memilih Kloroform oleh Voltan Arus Menggunakan Elektrod Ubah Suai
ZnO Nanorod)
HASLINDA ABDUL HAMID1,*, PANAPAN
KUNAKORNWATTANA2, NORAIN ISA1,3 & KHAIRUNISAK ABDUL
RAZAK4
1Department of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi
MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, 13500 Permatang Pauh, Penang, Malaysia
2Ecospa Company Limited, 1/1 Soi Phatthanakan 63,
Intersection 2, Prawet District, 10250 Bangkok, Thailand
3School of Chemical Engineering, College of
Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, 13500 Permatang
Pauh, Penang, Malaysia
4School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering,
Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang,
Malaysia
Diserahkan: 20 Julai 2022/Diterima: 14 Mac 2023
Abstract
The development of in situ chloroform detection is crucial due to the high risk of carcinogenic effects
associated with chloroform exposure. In this study, an electrochemical-based
chloroform sensor was fabricated using undoped ZnO nanorods on indium tin oxide
(ZnONRs/ITO) electrode to detect chloroform in aqueous-phase samples. Based on
the results, the FESEM imaging showed that the ZnONRs exhibited an evenly
distributed circular structure with a diameter of 62-90 nm, while the EDX and
XRD findings confirmed the presence of Zn and O elements deposited on the electrode
surface. Furthermore, the phosphate buffer solution (PBS) solution
significantly affected the performance of the modified electrode with an
optimal concentration and pH of 0.1 M and pH 7. The results also highlighted
the vital function of the modified ZnONRs/ITO electrode as an efficient
electron mediator and its catalytic potential to induce chloroform oxidation.
Most importantly, the modified ZnONRs/ITO electrode was able to detect the
presence of chloroform in real seawater samples, where the repeatability and
reproducibility tests achieved a Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) of 1.41% and
2.61%, respectively, indicating the exceptional performance of the modified
electrode. Moreover, the modified ZnONRs/ITO electrode recorded a low limit of
detection and high sensitivity of 1.50 µM and 2.11 µA/cm2·mM,
respectively, within a 0.010-10 mM linear dynamic range. In conclusion, the
current-voltage (I-V) method proved the reliable, satisfactory, and effective
fabrication of the modified ZnONRs/ITO electrode for chloroform sensing in
aqueous-phase samples, including in real seawater samples.
Keywords: Chloroform
detection; I-V method; seawater; undoped ZnO nanorods
Abstrak
Pembangunan pengesanan kloroform in
situ adalah penting kerana risiko tinggi kesan karsinogenik yang berkaitan
dengan pendedahan kloroform. Dalam kajian ini, penderia kloroform berasaskan
elektrokimia telah direka menggunakan nanorod ZnO yang tidak didop pada
elektrod indium tin oksida (ZnONRs/ITO) untuk mengesan kloroform dalam sampel
fasa akueus. Berdasarkan keputusan, pengimejan FESEM menunjukkan bahawa ZnONRs
menunjukkan struktur bulat yang tersebar sama rata dengan diameter 62-90 nm,
manakala penemuan EDX dan XRD mengesahkan kehadiran unsur Zn dan O yang
dienapkan pada permukaan elektrod. Tambahan pula, larutan PBS memberi kesan
ketara kepada prestasi elektrod diubah suai dengan kepekatan optimum dan pH
pada 0.1 M dan pH 7. Hasilnya juga menyerlahkan fungsi penting elektrod
ZnONRs/ITO yang diubah suai sebagai pengantara elektron yang cekap dan potensi
pemangkinnya untuk mendorong pengoksidaan kloroform. Paling penting, elektrod
ZnONRs/ITO yang diubah suai dapat mengesan kehadiran kloroform dalam sampel air
laut sebenar dengan ujian kebolehulangan dan kebolehhasilan mencapai Sisihan
Piawai Relatif (RSD) masing-masing 1.41% dan 2.61%, menunjukkan prestasi luar
biasa bagi elektrod yang diubah suai. Selain itu, elektrod ZnONRs/ITO yang
diubah suai merekodkan had pengesanan yang rendah dan kepekaan tinggi
masing-masing 1.50 µM dan 2.11 µA/cm2·mM dalam julat dinamik linear
0.010-10 mM. Kesimpulannya, kaedah I-V membuktikan fabrikasi yang boleh
dipercayai, memuaskan dan berkesan bagi elektrod ZnONR/ITO yang diubah suai
untuk penderiaan kloroform dalam sampel fasa akueus, termasuk dalam sampel air
laut sebenar.
Kata kunci: Air laut; kaedah I-V;
pengesanan kloroform; ZnO yang tidak didop
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*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email:
hasli8366@uitm.edu.my
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