Sains Malaysiana 52(3)(2023): 1273-1289

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5203-18

 

Emerging Role of SMYD Family of Proteins in Human Tumorigenesis

(Kemunculan Peranan Famili SMYD Protein dalam Tumorigenesis Manusia)

 

AFSHAN BIBI, AYESHA SARFRAZ, AMNA SAJJAD*, IQRA SARFRAZ, AASMA MUNAWWAR, ANEEQA ZARBAB, MEHRAN SATTAR & AZHAR RASUL

 

Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000 Pakistan

 

Diserahkan: 4 April 2022/Diterima: 7 Februari 2023

 

Theses authors contributed equally to this work

 

Abstract

Protein lysine methylation is a post-translational modification (PTM) that promotes protein complex formation to regulate DNA replication, gene expression, and repair mechanisms. The Su(Var)3–9, Enhancer-of-zeste and Trithorax (SET) and Myeloid, Nervy, and DEAF-1 (MYND) domain-containing proteins SMYD are lysine methyltransferases that catalyze the methylation of various histone and non-histone proteins. There are five members of this SMYD family, and all of these have conserved SET and MYND domains. The SET domain is divided into two segments by the MYND domain (the S-sequence and a core SET domain). SMYD Family performs a key role in numerous biological functions, including growth, development, apoptosis, and proliferation. SMYD family members are associated with skeletal and cardiac muscle physiology and pathology. Several studies have shown that aberrant lysine methylation plays a significant role in oncogenesis. Recently, the SMYD family has gained importance for its role in various mechanisms involved in cancer development and progressions, such as methylation and modification of tumor suppressor proteins (p53 and pRb), transcriptional factors (STAT3, NF-κB), nuclear proteins (PARP1), chaperons (Hsp90), protein kinases (MAPK, ERK), and cell cycle regulatory proteins (CDKN2). SMYD family proteins drive oncogenesis, lead the way to metastasis, and develop chemoresistance, allowing cancer cells to grow, invade the neighboring tissues, and resist therapeutics. In this review, we summarize SMYD family members' role in different cancers by focusing on their histone and non-histone methylation targets and illustrating the mechanism of SMYD family-mediated oncogenesis

 

Keywords: Cancer; chemoresistance; oncogenesis; SMYD family; tumor suppressor proteins

 

Abstrak

Pemetilan protein lisin ialah pengubahsuaian pasca translasi (PTM) yang menggalakkan pembentukan kompleks protein untuk mengawal selia replikasi DNA, pengekspresan gen dan mekanisme pembaikan. Protein yang mengandungi domain Su(Var)3–9, Enhancer-of-zeste dan Trithorax (SET) dan Myeloid, Nervy dan DEAF-1 (MYND) ialah lisin metiltransferase yang memangkinkan pemetilan pelbagai protein histon dan bukan histon. Terdapat lima ahli famili SMYD ini dan kesemua mereka telah memulihara domain SET dan MYND. Domain SET dibahagikan kepada dua segmen oleh domain MYND (jujukan S dan domain SET teras). Famili SMYD melaksanakan peranan penting dalam pelbagai fungsi biologi, termasuk pertumbuhan, perkembangan, apoptosis dan percambahan. Ahli famili SMYD dikaitkan dengan fisiologi dan patologi otot rangka dan jantung. Beberapa kajian telah menunjukkan bahawa pemetilan lisin yang menyimpang memainkan peranan penting dalam onkogenesis. Baru-baru ini, famili SMYD telah mendapat kepentingan untuk peranannya dalam pelbagai mekanisme yang terlibat dalam perkembangan dan janjangan kanser, seperti pemetilan dan pengubahsuaian protein penindas tumor (p53 dan pRb), faktor transkrip (STAT3, NF-κB), protein nuklear (PARP1)), chaperon (Hsp90), kinase protein (MAPK, ERK) dan protein pengawalseliaan kitaran sel (CDKN2). Protein famili SMYD memacu onkogenesis, membawa kepada metastasis dan membangunkan rintangan kimia, membolehkan sel kanser berkembang, menyerang tisu jiran dan menentang terapeutik. Dalam ulasan ini, kami meringkaskan peranan ahli famili SMYD dalam kanser yang berbeza dengan memfokuskan pada sasaran pemetilan histon dan bukan histon dan menggambarkan mekanisme onkogenesis pengantara famili SMYD.

 

Kata kunci: Famili SMYD; kanser; kemoterapi; onkogenesis; protein penindas tumor

 

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Peserico, A., Germani, A., Sanese, P., Barbosa, A.J., Di Virgilio, V., Fittipaldi, R., Fabini, E., Bertucci, C., Varchi, G., Moyer, M.P., Caretti, G., Del Rio, A. & Simone, C. 2015. A SMYD3 small-molecule inhibitor impairing cancer cell growth. J. Cell Physiol. 230(10): 2447-2460. doi: 10.1002/jcp.24975

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Rasmussen, T.L., Ma, Y., Park, C.Y., Harriss, J., Pierce, S.A., Dekker, J.D., Valenzuela, N., Srivastava, D., Schwartz, R.J., Stewart, M.D. & Tucker, H.O. 2015. SMYD1 facilitates heart development by antagonizing oxidative and ER stress responses. PLoS ONE 10(3): e0121765. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121765

Rea, S., Eisenhaber, F., O'Carroll, D., Strahl, B.D., Sun, Z.W., Schmid, M., Opravil, S., Mechtler, K., Ponting, C.P., Allis, C.D. & Jenuwein, T. 2000. Regulation of chromatin structure by site-specific histone H3 methyltransferases. Nature 406(6796): 593-599. doi: 10.1038/35020506

Ren, H., Wang, Z., Chen, Y., Liu, Y., Zhang, S., Zhang, T. & Li, Y. 2019. SMYD2-OE promotes oxaliplatin resistance in colon cancer through MDR1/P-glycoprotein via MEK/ERK/AP1 pathway. Onco. Targets Ther. 12: 2585-2594. doi: 10.2147/OTT.S186806

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Reynoird, N., Mazur, P.K., Stellfeld, T., Flores, N.M., Lofgren, S.M., Carlson, S.M., Brambilla, E., Hainaut, P., Kaznowska, E.B., Arrowsmith, C.H., Khatri, P., Stresemann, C., Gozani, O. & Sage, J. 2016. Coordination of stress signals by the lysine methyltransferase SMYD2 promotes pancreatic cancer. Genes Dev. 30(7): 772-785. doi: 10.1101/gad.275529.115

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Sajjad, A., Novoyatleva, T., Vergarajauregui, S., Troidl, C., Schermuly, R.T., Tucker, H.O. & Engel, F.B. 2014. Lysine methyltransferase SMYD2 suppresses p53-dependent cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1843(11): 2556-2562. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.06.019

Sakamoto, L.H., Andrade, R.V., Felipe, M.S., Motoyama, A.B. & Pittella Silva, F. 2014. SMYD2 is highly expressed in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia and constitutes a bad prognostic factor. Leuk. Res. 38(4): 496-502. doi: 10.1016/j.leukres.2014.01.013

Sampieri, C.L., de la Pena, S., Ochoa-Lara, M., Zenteno-Cuevas, R. & Leon-Cordoba, K. 2010. Expression of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in human gastric cancer and superficial gastritis. World J. Gastroenterol. 16(12): 1500-1505. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i12.1500

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Shang, L. & Wei, M. 2019. Inhibition of SMYD2 sensitized cisplatin to resistant cells in NSCLC through activating p53 pathway. Front Oncol. 9: 306. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00306

Sharif, F., Rasul, A., Ashraf, A., Hussain, G., Younis, T., Sarfraz, I., Chaudhry, M.A., Bukhari, S.A., Ji, X.Y., Selamoglu, Z. & Ali, M. 2019. Phosphoglycerate mutase 1 in cancer: A promising target for diagnosis and therapy. IUBMB Life 71(10): 1418-1427. doi: 10.1002/iub.2100

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Van Aller, G.S., Reynoird, N., Barbash, O., Huddleston, M., Liu, S., Zmoos, A.F., McDevitt, P., Sinnamon, R., Le, B., Mas, G., Annan, R., Sage, J., Garcia, B.A., Tummino, P.J., Gozani, O. & Kruger, R.G. 2012. SMYD3 regulates cancer cell phenotypes and catalyzes histone H4 lysine 5 methylation. Epigenetics 7(4): 340-343. doi: 10.4161/epi.19506

Vieira, F.Q., Costa-Pinheiro, P., Almeida-Rios, D., Graca, I., Monteiro-Reis, S., Simoes-Sousa, S., Carneiro, I., Sousa, E.J., Godinho, M.I., Baltazar, F., Henrique, R. & Jeronimo, C. 2015. SMYD3 contributes to a more aggressive phenotype of prostate cancer and targets Cyclin D2 through H4K20me3. Oncotarget 6(15): 13644-13657. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.3767

Wang, G., Huang, Y., Yang, F., Tian, X., Wang, K., Liu, L., Fan, Y., Li, X., Li, L., Shi, B., Hao, Y., Xia, C., Nie, Q., Xin, Y., Shi, Z., Ma, L., Xu, D. & Liu, C. 2020. High expression of SMYD3 indicates poor survival outcome and promotes tumour progression through an IGF-1R/AKT/E2F-1 positive feedback loop in bladder cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 12(3): 2030-2048. doi: 10.18632/aging.102718

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Wang, L., Wang, Q.T., Liu, Y.P., Dong, Q.Q., Hu, H.J., Miao, Z., Li, S., Liu, Y., Zhou, H., Zhang, T.C., Ma, W.J. & Luo, X.G. 2017. ATM signaling pathway is implicated in the SMYD3-mediated proliferation and migration of gastric cancer cells. J. Gastric Cancer 17(4): 295-305. doi: 10.5230/jgc.2017.17.e33

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Wang, S.Z., Luo, X.G., Shen, J., Zou, J.N., Lu, Y.H. & Xi, T. 2008. Knockdown of SMYD3 by RNA interference inhibits cervical carcinoma cell growth and invasion in vitro. BMB Rep. 41(4): 294-299. doi: 10.5483/bmbrep.2008.41.4.294

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Zeng, Y., Qiu, R., Yang, Y., Gao, T., Zheng, Y., Huang, W., Gao, J., Zhang, K., Liu, R., Wang, S., Hou, Y., Yu, W., Leng, S., Feng, D., Liu, W., Zhang, X. & Wang, Y. 2019. Regulation of EZH2 by SMYD2-Mediated lysine methylation is implicated in tumorigenesis. Cell Rep. 29(6): 1482-1498.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.004

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