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Sains Malaysiana 52(4)(2023):
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5204-19
Review of Coronavirus in
Rats: A Potential Zoonotic Threat
(Ulasan Virus Korona pada Tikus: Suatu Potensi Ancaman Zoonosis)
SAULOL HAMID
NUR-FAZILA1,3,*, ABD RAHAMAN YASMIN2,3,
FARZEE FARANIEYZA-AFIQAH1, ABDUL RAHMAN NAWAL-AMANI1, SITI SURI ARSHAD1 & NORFITRIAH MOHAMED SOHAIMI2,3
1Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
2Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan,
Malaysia
3Laboratory of Vaccines and Biomolecules,
Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia,
43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Diserahkan:
20 September 2022/Diterima: 21 Mac 2023
Abstract
The current
COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of the Coronaviridae family as a threat
to public health in the emergence of a deadly zoonotic disease. Rats are the
possible primary host of the infection as they are highly populated in urban
areas, creating a significant epidemic risk. The tendency of coronaviruses (CoVs) to overcome species barriers and adapt to hosts
typically found close to humans emphasised the need for further study on
coronavirus infection. Sialodacryoadenitis virus
(SDAV) and Parker’s rat coronavirus (PRC) are the most commonly isolated
pathogens for coronavirus infections in the laboratory and wild rats. They are
contagious and could be transmitted to susceptible rats by direct contact,
fomites, or aerosol. Coronavirus genera include Alphacoronavirus and Betacoronavirus, which are restricted to
bats and other mammalian hosts, while the Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus are restricted to birds.
All known rat coronaviruses are members of the beta genus. Betacoronavirus are divided into five subgenera, i.e., Embecovirus, Hibecovirus, Merbecovirus, Nobecovirus, and Sarbecovirus.
All rat coronaviruses are categorised as the Embecovirus subgenus. Most studies have proven that rat coronaviruses are responsible for
hepatitis, enteritis, reproductive problems, and respiratory and salivary gland
infections, including episcleritis, and
dacryoadenitis. The scant literature data, mostly comprising publications from
the last century, does not adequately explain the etiopathology of SDAV and PRC infections. This review provides an overview of the knowledge
on the characteristics, transmission, clinical signs, pathology, and diagnosis
of rat coronaviruses, besides better understanding their zoonotic potentials.
Keywords: Coronavirus; Parker’s rat coronavirus; rats; sialodacryoadenitis virus; zoonosis
Abstrak
Pandemik COVID-19 semasa telah menekankan kepentingan famili Coronaviridae sebagai ancaman kepada kesihatan awam dalam kemunculan penyakit zoonosis yang boleh membawa maut. Tikus adalah hos utama jangkitan yang mungkin kerana mereka mempunyai populasi yang tinggi di kawasan bandar, mewujudkan risiko wabak yang ketara. Kecenderungan koronavirus untuk mengatasi halangan spesies dan menyesuaikan diri dengan perumah yang biasanya ditemui berdekatan dengan manusia menekankan keperluan untuk kajian lanjut mengenai jangkitan koronavirus. Virus sialodacryoadenitis (SDAV) dan koronavirus tikus Parker (PRC) adalah patogen yang paling biasa dipencilkan bagi jangkitan koronavirus pada tikus makmal dan liar. Mereka berjangkit dan boleh menjangkiti tikus yang mudah terdedah melalui sentuhan langsung, fomit atau aerosol. Genus koronavirus termasuklah Alphacoronavirus dan Betacoronavirus adalah terhad kepada kelawar dan perumah mamalia lain, manakala Gammacoronavirus dan Deltacoronavirus adalah terhad kepada burung. Semua koronavirus tikus yang diketahui adalah ahli genus beta. Betacoronavirus dibahagikan kepada lima
subgenus, iaitu, Embecovirus, Hibecovirus, Merbecovirus, Nobecovirusdan Sarbecovirus. Semua koronavirus tikus dikategorikan sebagai subgenus Embecovirus. Kebanyakan kajian telah membuktikan bahawa koronavirus tikus bertanggungjawab untuk radang hati, radang usus, masalah pembiakan, jangkitan saluran pernafasan dan jangkitan kelenjar air liur, termasuklah episkleritis dan dacryoadenitis.
Data kepustakaan yang sedikit,
yang kebanyakannya terdiri daripada penerbitan dari abad yang lalu, tidak menjelaskan dengan secukupnya etiopatologi jangkitan SDAV dan PRC. Kajian ini memberikan gambaran pengetahuan secara keseluruhan tentang ciri, penularan, tanda klinikal, patologi dan diagnosis koronavirus tikus, selain memberi pemahaman lebih baik tentang potensi zoonosis mereka.
Kata kunci: Koronavirus; koronavirus tikus Parker; tikus; virus sialodacryoadenitis; zoonosis
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*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: nurfazila@upm.edu.my
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