Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences Vol 20 No 6 (2016): 1474 - 1480

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/mjas-2016-2006-28

 

 

 

THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS PRETREATMENT METHODS ON EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH FOR GLUCOSE PRODUCTION

 

(Kesan Kaedah Prarawatan Berbeza Terhadap Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit Bagi Penghasilan Glukosa Ringkas)

 

Nurul Hazirah Che Hamzah¹, Masturah Markom¹*, Shuhaida Harun¹, Osman Hassan²

 

¹Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment

²School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

 

*Corresponding author: masturahmarkom@ukm.edu.my

 

 

Received: 21 October 2015; Accepted: 14 June 2016

 

 

Abstract

In this study, a pretreatment of empty fruit bunch (EFB) using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂), acid and alkaline were investigated for glucose yield from enzymatic hydrolysis. The chemical composition, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis of EFB before and after pretreatment were determined. From this study, the chemical composition of EFB (% g/g dry biomass) before pretreatment for cellulose, hemicellulose and Klason lignin were recorded as 36.7%, 22.8%, and 24.2%, respectively. After pretreatment, the highest cellulose composition was obtained from EFB treated with alkaline followed by acid and SC-CO₂ which gave the results of 48.5%, 47.7% and 38% respectively. The glucose yield after enzymatic hydrolysis for untreated EFB was 17% (w/w). After pretreatment, the glucose yield increased to 84.4%, 34% and 24% for alkaline, acid and SC-CO₂ of the treated EFB, respectively. Other than that, XRD analysis showed increase in the crystallinity index after each pretreatment. Morphology analysis showed the surface of the treated EFB looked swollen and ruptured as compared with the surface of the untreated EFB. Between the three pretreatments, alkaline pretreatment gives the highest cellulose composition and glucose yield. Thus, it shows that alkaline pretreatment was the best pretreatment method on EFB compared to acid and SC-CO₂ pretreatments.

 

Keywords:  empty fruit bunches, enzymatic hydrolysis, pretreatment, glucose

 

Abstrak

Melalui kajian ini prarawatan tandan buah kosong (TKKS) menggunakan kaedah supergenting karbon dioksida (SC-CO₂), asid dan alkali telah dilakukan untuk mendapatkan hasil glukosa daripada hidrolisis berenzim. Analisis komposisi kimia, pembelauan sinar-X (XRD) dan mikroskopi pemgimbasan elektron (SEM) terhadap TKKS sebelum dan selepas prarawatan telah ditentukan. Dari kajian ini komposisi kimia TKKS (% g/g biomas kering) sebelum prarawatan bagi selulosa, hemiselulosa dan lignin ialah 36.7%, 22.8%, and 24.2%. Selepas prarawatan, komposisi selulosa yang paling tinggi diperolehi daripada TKKS terawat dengan prarawatan alkali diikuti dengan prarawatan asid dan SC-CO₂ iaitu 48.5%, 47.7% dan 38%. Hasil glukosa selepas hidrolisis berenzim bagi TKKS yang tidak terawat ialah 17% (w/w). Selepas prarawatan, hasil glukosa telah meningkat kepada 84.4%, 34% dan 24% bagi prarawatan alkali, asid dan SC-CO₂. Selain daripada itu, analisis XRD menunjukkan peningkatan indeks penghabluran terhadap TKKS terawat. Analisis morfologi menunjukkan perubahan pada permukaan TKKS terawat dimana ia kelihatan bengkak dan pecah berbanding dengan permukaan TKKS yang tidak terawat. Antara ketiga-tiga kaedah prarawatan, prarawatan alkali memberikan komposisi selulosa dan hasil glukosa yang paling tinggi. Oleh itu, kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa prarawatan alkali adalah kaedah prarawatan terbaik terhadap TKKS berbanding prarawatan asid dan SC-CO₂.

 

Kata kunci:  tandan kosong kelapa sawit, hidrolisis berenzim, prarawatan, glukosa

 

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