Sains Malaysiana 45(6)(2016): 841–852

Evaluation of Dissolved Heavy Metals in Water of the Sungai Semenyih (Peninsular Malaysia) using Environmetric Methods

(Penilaian Logam Berat Terlarut dalam Air Sungai Semenyih (Semenanjung Malaysia)

Menggunakan Kaedah Environmetrik)

FAWAZ AL-BADAII, AZHAR ABDUL HALIM* & MOHAMMAD SHUHAIMI-OTHMAN

School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

Received: 21 September 2015/Accepted: 30 December 2015

ABSTRACT

The study to determine the concentrations of dissolved heavy metals in the Sungai Semenyih and to use the environmetric methods to evaluate the influence of different pollution sources on heavy metals concentrations was carried out. Cluster analysis (CA) classified 8 sampling stations into two clusters based on the similarity of sampling stations characteristics, cluster 1 included stations 1, 2, 3 and 4 (low pollution area), whereas cluster 2 comprised of stations 5, 6, 7 and 8 (high pollution area). Principal component analysis (PCA) of the two datasets yield two factors for low pollution area and three factors for the high pollution area at Eigenvalues >1, representing 92.544% and 100% of the total variance in each heavy metals data sets and allowed to gather selected heavy metals based on the anthropogenic and lithologic sources of contamination.

Keywords: Dissolved heavy metals; environmetric methods; Sungai Semenyih

ABSTRAK

Kajian untuk menentukan kepekatan logam berat terlarut di Sungai Semenyih dengan menggunakan kaedah environmetrik untuk menilai pengaruh punca pencemaran yang berbeza pada kepekatan logam berat telah dijalankan. Analisis kelompok (AK) mengelaskan 8 stesen persampelan kepada dua kelompok berdasarkan persamaan ciri stesen persampelan, kelompok 1 terdiri daripada stesen 1, 2, 3 dan 4 (kawasan pencemaran rendah), manakala kelompok 2 terdiri daripada stesen 5, 6, 7 dan 8 (kawasan pencemaran tinggi). Analisis komponen utama (PCA) kedua-dua set data menghasilkan dua faktor bagi kawasan pencemaran yang rendah dan tiga faktor bagi kawasan pencemaran yang tinggi pada nilai Eigen > 1, iaitu 92,544% dan 100% daripada jumlah varians pada setiap set data logam berat dan membolehkan pengumpulan logam berat yang dipilih berdasarkan sumber antropogenik dan sumber pencemaran litologi.

Kata kunci: Kaedah environmetrik; logam berat terlarut; Sungai Semenyih

REFERENCES

Agarwal, S.K. 2009. Heavy Metal Pollution. Volume 4. New Delhi: APH Publishing.

Ahern, M.D. & Morris, S. 1998. Accumulation of lead and its effects on Na balance in the freshwater crayfish Cherax destructor. Journal of Experimental Zoology 281(4): 270-279.

Al-Badaii, F. & Shuhaimi-Othman, M. 2014. Heavy metals and water quality assessment using multivariate statistical techniques and water quality index of the Sungai Semenyih, Peninsular Malaysia. Iranica Journal of Energy & Environment 5(2): 132-145.

Al-Badaii, F., Shuhaimi-Othman, M. & Gasim, M.B. 2013. Water quality assessment of the Sungai Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia. Journal of Chemistry Article ID: 871056.

Al-Badaii, F., Gasim, M.B., Mokhtar, M., Toriman, M.E. & Rahim, S.A. 2012. Water-pollution study based on the physico-chemical and microbiological parameters of the Sungai Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia. The Arab World Geographer 15(4): 318-334.

APHA. 1999. Standard Methods for the Examination of Wastewater. 20th ed. Washington, DC: America Public Health Association.

Bu, H., Tan, X., Li, S. & Zhang, Q. 2010. Temporal and spatial variations of water quality in the Jinshui River of the South Qinling Mts., China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 73(5): 907-913.

Cavani, A. 2005. Breaking tolerance to nickel. Toxicology 209(2): 119-121.

CCME. 1999. Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines. Winnipeg: Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment.

Cempel, M. & Nikel, G. 2006. Nickel: A review of its sources and environmental toxicology. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 15(3): 375-382.

Department of Environment (DOE). 2010. Malaysia Environmental Quality Report. Putrajaya: Department of Environment.

Edwards, P.K. 2010. The correlation of the concentration of selected metals determined in water and fish samples from a public pond. Electronic Thesis and Dissertations. East Tennessee State University (Unpublished).

Eeva, T. & Lehikoinen, E. 2000. Improved breeding success in forest passerines after decreased emissions of heavy metals. Nature 403: 851-852.

Fortin, C., Beauchamp, G., Dansereau, M., Lariviere, N. & Belanger, D. 2001. Spatial variation in mercury concentrations in wild mink and river otter carcasses from the James Bay Territory, Quebec, Canada. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 40(1): 121-127.

Galvin, M. 1996. Occurrence of metals in waters: An overview. Water SA 22(1): 7-18.

Gasim, M.B. 2003. Watershed analysis of the Semenyih River Basin, Selangor, Malaysia. Doctoral dissertation, Universiti Putra Malaysia (Unpublished).

Gasim, M.B., Azmin, W.N. & Yaziz, M.I. 2002. Land use change and their impact on water quality in the Semenyih River, Selangor, Malaysia. Journal Technology Mineral 2: 103-111.

Gayla, V. 2009. Inductively coupled plasma: The future of heavy metals testing. Life Science: Technical Bulletin 17: 1-2.

Gray, N.E. 2008. Drinking Water Quality Problems and Solutions. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Juahir, H., Zain, S.M., Yusoff, M.K., Hanidza, T.T., Armi, A.M., Toriman, M.E. & Mokhtar, M. 2011. Spatial water quality assessment of Langat River Basin (Malaysia) using environmetric techniques. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 173(1-4): 625-641.

Kaushik, A., Kansal, A., Kumari, S. & Kaushik, C.P. 2009. Heavy metal contamination of river Yamuna, Haryana, India: Assessment by metal enrichment factor of the sediments. Journal of Hazardous Materials 164(1): 265-270.

Kowalski, A., Siepak, M. & Boszke, L. 2007. Mercury contamination of surface and ground waters of Poznań, Poland. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 16(1): 67-74.

Krishna, A.K., Satyanarayanan, M. & Govil, P.K. 2009. Assessment of heavy metal pollution in water using multivariate statistical techniques in an industrial area: A case study from Patancheru, Medak District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Journal of Hazardous Materials 167(1): 366-373.

Kumar, R.N., Solanki, R. & Kumar, J.N. 2013. Seasonal variation in heavy metal contamination in water and sediments of river Sabarmati and Kharicut canal at Ahmedabad, Gujarat. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 185(1): 359-368.

Lim, W.Y., Aris, A.Z. & Zakaria, M.P. 2012. Spatial variability of metals in surface water and sediment in the Langat River and geochemical factors that influence their water-sediment interactions. The Scientific World Journal 2012: 652150.

Ling, T.Y., Kho, C.P. & Nyanti, L. 2012. Spatial and temporal variations of heavy metals in a tropical river. World Applied Sciences Journal 16(4): 550-559.

Martin, C.W. 2000. Heavy metal trends in floodplain sediments and valley fill, River Lahn, Germany. Catena 39: 53-68.

Mitchell, P. 2006. Guidelines for Quality Assurance and Quality Control in Surface Water Quality Programs in Alberta. Environmental Consulting for Alberta Environment, Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation Branch, Environmental Assurance Division, Alberta, Canada.

MMD. 2012. General climate of Malaysia. Malaysian Meteorological Department, Ministry of Science, Technology and innovation, Malaysia.

Moore, J.W. & Ramamoorthy, S. 1984. Heavy Metals in Natural Waters. New York: Springer-Verlag. p 268.

Mwiganga, M. & Kansiime, F. 2005. Impact of Mpererwe landfill in Kampala Uganda, on the surrounding environment. Phys. Chem. Earth. 38(11-16): 91-95.

Olías, M., Cánovas, C.R., Nieto, J.M. & Sarmiento, A.M. 2006. Evaluation of the dissolved contaminant load transported by the Tinto and Odiel Rivers (South West Spain). Applied Geochemistry 21(10): 1733-1749.

Pitter, P. 1993. Inorganic substances in water. In Chemistry and Biology of Water, Air and Soil, edited by Tolgyssy, J. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 66-109.

Prasad, M.N.V. 2004. Heavy metals. In Stress in Plants. 2nd ed. New Delhi: Narosa Publishing House.

Rahman, M.S., Saha, N., Molla, A.H. & Al-Reza, S.M. 2014. Assessment of anthropogenic influence on heavy metals contamination in the aquatic ecosystem components: Water, sediment, and fish. Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal 23(4): 353-373.

Razmkhah, H., Abrishamchi, A. & Torkian, A. 2010. Evaluation of spatial and temporal variation in water quality by pattern recognition techniques: A case study on Jajrood River (Tehran, Iran). Journal of Environmental Management 91(4): 852-860.

Reza, R. & Singh, G. 2010. Heavy metal contamination and its indexing approach for river water. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 7: 785-792.

Rosli, N.A., Zawawi, M.H. & Bustami, R.A. 2012. Salak River water quality identification and classification according to physico-chemical characteristics. Procedia Engineering 50: 69-77.

Scheinberg, I.H. 1991. Copper. In Metals and Their Compounds in the Environment, edited by Merian, E. New Jersey: VCH Publishers. pp. 893-908.

Sekabira, K., Origa, H.O., Basamba, T.A., Mutumba, G. & Kakudidi, E. 2010. Heavy metal assessment and water quality values in urban stream and rain water. International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology 7(4): 759-770.

Shuhaimi-Othman, M., Kutty, A.A. & Lim, E.C. 2009. Metals concentration in water and sediment of Bebar Peat Swampy Forest River, Malaysia. Journal of Biological Sciences 9(7): 730-737.

Shuhaimi-Othman, M. & Gasim, M.B. 2005. Heavy metals concentrations in water of Sungai Semenyih Watershed, Selangor Malaysia. Sains Malaysiana 34(2): 49-54.

Sin, S.N., Chua, H., Lo, W. & Ng, L.M. 2001. Assessment of heavy metal cations in sediments of Shing Mun River, Hong Kong. Environment International 26: 297-301.

Singh, K.P., Malik, A., Mohan, D. & Sinha, S. 2004. Multivariate statistical techniques for the evaluation of spatial and temporal variations in water quality of Gomti River (India) - A case study. Water Research 38(18): 3980-3992.

Srivastava, A., Gupta, S. & Jain, V.K. 2008. Source apportionment of suspended particulate matter in coarse and fine size ranges over Delhi. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 8(2): 188- 200.

Sundaray, S.K., Nayak, B.B., Lin, S. & Bhatta, D. 2011. Geochemical speciation and risk assessment of heavy metals in the river estuarine sediments - A case study: Mahanadi basin, India. Journal of Hazardous Materials 186(2): 1837- 1846.

Sunderman, F.W. & Oskarsson, A. 1991. Nickel. In Metals and Their Compounds in the Environment, edited by Merian, E. New Jersey: VCH Publishers. pp. 1101-1126.

USEPA. 2012. Water Quality Criteria Copper. Aquatic Life Criteria. (http://water.epa.gov/scitech/swguidance/standards/ criteria/aqlife/copper/background.cfm).

USEPA. 2005. National Recommended Water Quality Criteria. Washington, DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency, United States Office of Science and Technology.

Van Burg, R. & Greenwood, M.R. 1991. Mercury. In Metals and Their Compounds in the Environment, edited by Merian, E. New Jersey: VCH Publishers. pp. 1045-1088.

Van Ha, N.T., Takizawa, S., Oguma, K. & Van Phuoc, N. 2011. Sources and leaching of manganese and iron in the Saigon River Basin, Vietnam. Water Science & Technology 63(10): 2231-2237.

Varol, M. & Şen, B. 2009. Assessment of surface water quality using multivariate statistical techniques: A case study of Behrimaz Stream, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 159(1-4): 543-553.

Vialle, C., Sablayrolles, C., Lovera, M., Jacob, C. & Montrejaud- Vignoles, C.M. 2011. Monitoring of water quality from roof runoff: Interpretation using multivariate analysis. Water Research 45: 3765-3775.

Voica, C., Kovacs, M.H., Dehelean, A., Ristoiu, D. & Iordache, A. 2012. ICP-MS determinations of heavy metals in surface waters from Transylvania. Romanian Journal of Physics 57(6-7): 1184-1193.

Wenning, R.J. & Erickson, G.A. 1994. Interpretation and analysis of complex environmental data using chemometric methods. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 13(10): 446-457.

WHO. 2004. Guidelines for drinking water quality. World Health Organization. 3rd ed. Geneva.

Zakir, H.M., Sharmin, S. & Shikazono, N. 2006. Heavy metal pollution assessment in water and sediments of Turag River at Tongi area in Bangladesh. International Journal of Lakes & Rivers 1(1): 85-96.

Zhang, Q., Li, Z., Zeng, G., Li, J., Fang, Y., Yuan, Q. & Ye, F. 2009. Assessment of surface water quality using multivariate statistical techniques in red soil hilly region: A case study of Xiangjiang watershed, China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 152(1-4): 123-131.

Ziemacki, G., Viviano, G. & Merli, F. 1989. Heavy metals: Sources and environmental presence. Annali dell’Istituto Superiore di Sanita 25(3): 531-535.

*Corresponding author; email: azharhalim@ukm.edu.my