 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
Sains Malaysiana
49(10)(2020):
2383-2401
http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2020-4910-05
1Shenyang
Geological Survey Center, China Geological Survey, Shenyang 110034, China
2Key Laboratory
of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin
University, Changchun 130021, China
3College of New
Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
ABSTRACT
Due to the impact
of human agricultural production, climate and environmental changes. The
applicability of groundwater for drinking purposes has attracted widespread
attention. In order to quantify the hydrochemical characteristics of
groundwater in Hailun and evaluate its suitability for assessing water for
drinking purposes, 77 shallow groundwater samples and 57 deep groundwater
samples were collected and analyzed. The results show that deep groundwater in
aquifers in the study area is weakly alkaline, while that in shallow is acidic.
The abundance is in the order HCO3-> Cl->
SO42- for anions, and Ca2+> Na+>
Mg2+ for cations. Groundwater chemical type were dominated by HCO3-Ca, HCO3-Ca•
Mg, and HCO3-Ca• Na. Correlation analysis (CA) and Durov diagram showed that rock
weathering and dissolution, human activities, and the hydraulic connection
between shallow and deep water are the main reasons affecting the chemical
composition of water in Helen. The analysis of water samples based on the WQI
model showed that about 23.37, 23.37, 32.46, 12.98, and 7.79% of the shallow
groundwater samples were excellent, good, poor, very poor, and unsuitable for
drinking purposes, respectively, and that 61.40, 30.90, 5.26, 1.75, and 1.75%
of the deep groundwater samples were excellent, good, poor, very poor, and
unsuitable for drinking purposes, respectively. The analysis of groundwater
samples based on the SPI model showed that 92.98% of the deep groundwater
samples were suitable grade, while that 40.25% of the shallow groundwater
samples were suitable grade. The spatial distribution maps of the WQI and SPI
show that most of the deep groundwater resources in the study area are clean
and suitable for drinking, despite the risks of the shallow groundwater in the
north and southwest of the study area.
Keywords: China; groundwater quality assessment; hydrochemistry; SPI; WQI
ABSTRAK
Kesan daripada pengeluaran pertanian manusia, iklim
dan persekitaran mengalami perubahan. Kebolehgunaan air bawah tanah untuk
tujuan minuman telah menarik perhatian meluas. Untuk mengukur ciri hidrokimia
air bawah tanah di Hailun dan menilai kesesuaian air untuk tujuan minuman, 77
sampel air bawah tanah yang cetek dan 57 sampel air bawah tanah yang dalam
telah diambil dan dianalisis. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa air bawah tanah yang
dalam di akuifer di kawasan kajian adalah alkali yang lemah, manakala di
kawasan yang cetek adalah berasid. Kebanyakannya adalah dalam turutan HCO3-> Cl->
SO42- untuk anion, dan Ca2+> Na+>
Mg2+ untuk kation. Jenis kimia air bawah tanah didominasi oleh HCO3-Ca,
HCO3-Ca• Mg dan HCO3-Ca• Na. Analisis korelasi (CA) dan
rajah Durov menunjukkan bahawa luluhawa batuan dan pelarutan, aktiviti manusia,
dan kaitan hidraulik antara air yang cetek dan dalam merupakan punca utama yang
memberi kesan terhadap komposisi kimia air di Helen. Analisis sampel air
berdasarkan model WQI menunjukkan bahawa 23.37, 23.37, 32.46, 12.98 dan 7.79%
daripada sampel air bawah tanah yang cetek masing-masing adalah sangat baik,
baik, tidak baik, sangat tidak baik, dan tidak sesuai untuk tujuan minuman dan
61.40, 30.90, 5.26, 1.75 dan 1.75% daripada sampel air bawah tanah yang dalam
masing-masing adalah sangat baik, baik, tidak baik, sangat tidak baik, dan
tidak sesuai untuk tujuan minuman. Analisis sampel air bawah tanah berdasarkan
model SPI menunjukkan bahawa 92.98% daripada sampel air bawah tanah yang dalam
merupakan gred yang sesuai. Peta taburan ruang untuk WQI dan SPI menunjukkan
bahawa kebanyakan daripada sumber air bawah tanah yang dalam di kawasan kajian
adalah bersih dan sesuai untuk diminum, walaupun terdapat risiko daripada air
bawah tanah yang cetek di utara dan barat daya kawasan kajian.
Kata kunci: China; hidrokimia; penilaian kualiti air
bawah tanah; SPI; WQI
REFERENCES
Abbasnia, A., Yousefi,
N., Mahvi, A.H., Nabizadeh, R., Radfard, M., Yousefi, M. & Alimohammadi, M.
2019. Evaluation of groundwater quality using water quality index and its
suitability for assessing water for drinking and irrigation purposes: Case
study of Sistan and Baluchistan province (Iran). Human and Ecological Risk
Assessment: An International Journal 25(4): 988-1005.
Abbasnia, A.,
Alimohammadi, M., Mahvi, A.H., Nabizadeh, R., Yousefi, M., Mohammadi, A.A.
& Mirzabeigi, M. 2018. Assessment of groundwater quality and evaluation of
scaling and corrosiveness potential of drinking water samples in villages of
Chabahr city, Sistan and Baluchistan province in Iran. Data in Brief 16:
182-192.
Adhikary, P.P., Dash, C.J., Bej, R. &
Chandrasekharan, H. 2011. Indicator and probability kriging methods for
delineating Cu, Fe, and Mn contamination in groundwater of Najafgarh Block,
Delhi, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 176(1-4): 663-676.
Boyd, C.E. 2019. Water Quality: An Introduction. Singapore: Springer Nature.
Brhane, G.K.
2018. Characterization of hydro chemistry and groundwater quality evaluation
for drinking purpose in Adigrat area, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Water
Science 32(2): 213-229.
Chen, P., Nie,
T., Chen, S., Zhang, Z., Qi, Z. & Liu, W. 2019a. Recovery efficiency and
loss of 15N-labelled urea in a rice-soil system under water saving irrigation
in the Songnen Plain of Northeast China. Agricultural Water Management 222: 139-153.
Chen, J., Zhu,
R., Zhang, Q., Kong, X. & Sun, D. 2019b. Reduced-tillage management
enhances soil properties and crop yields in a alfalfa-corn rotation: Case study
of the Songnen Plain, China. Scientific Reports 9(1): 1-10.
Dippong, T.,
Mihali, C., Hoaghia, M.A., Cical, E. & Cosma, A. 2019. Chemical modeling of
groundwater quality in the aquifer of Seini town-Someș Plain, Northwestern
Romania. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 168: 88-101.
Dong, D.,
Zhao, X., Hua, X., Liu, J. & Gao, M. 2009. Investigation of the potential
mobility of Pb, Cd and Cr (VI) from moderately contaminated farmland soil to
groundwater in Northeast, China. Journal of Hazardous Materials 162(2-3): 1261-1268.
Eslami, F.,
Shokoohi, R., Mazloomi, S., Darvish Motevalli, M. & Salari, M. 2017.
Evaluation of water quality index (WQI) of groundwater supplies in Kerman
Province in 2015. Occupational and Environmental Health 3(1): 48-58.
Gastmans, D.,
Mira, A., Kirchheim, R., Vives, L., Rodríguez, L. & Veroslavsky, G. 2017.
Hypothesis of groundwater flow through geological structures in Guarani Aquifer
System (GAS) using chemical and isotopic data. Procedia Earth and Planetary
Science 17: 136-139.
Gautam, S.K.,
Maharana, C., Sharma, D., Singh, A.K., Tripathi, J.K. & Singh, S.K. 2015.
Evaluation of groundwater quality in the Chotanagpur plateau region of the
Subarnarekha river basin, Jharkhand State, India. Sustainability of Water
Quality and Ecology 6: 57-74.
Hasan, M.,
Shang, Y., Akhter, G. & Jin, W. 2017. Evaluation of groundwater suitability
for drinking and irrigation purposes in Toba Tek Singh District, Pakistan. Irrig.
Drain. Syst. Eng. 6: 185.
Hausladen,
D.M., Alexander-Ozinskas, A., McClain, C. & Fendorf, S. 2018. Hexavalent
chromium sources and distribution in California groundwater. Environmental
Science & Technology 52(15): 8242-8251.
Karunanidhi,
D., Aravinthasamy, P., Subramani, T., Roy, P.D. & Srinivasamoorthy, K.
2020. Risk of fluoride-rich groundwater on human health: Remediation through
managed aquifer recharge in a hard rock terrain, South India. Natural
Resources Research29: 2369-2395.
Khan, R. &
Jhariya, D.C. 2017. Groundwater quality assessment for drinking purpose in
Raipur City, Chhattisgarh using water quality index and geographic information
system. Journal of the Geological Society of India 90(1): 69-76.
Kumar, S.K.,
Babu, S.H., Rao, P.E., Selvakumar, S., Thivya, C., Muralidharan, S. &
Jeyabal, G. 2017. Evaluation of water quality and hydrogeochemistry of surface
and groundwater, Tiruvallur District, Tamil Nadu, India. Applied Water
Science 7(5): 2533-2544.
Li, B., Huang,
F., Qin, L., Qi, H. & Sun, N. 2019. Spatio-temporal variations of carbon
use efficiency in natural terrestrial ecosystems and the relationship with
climatic factors in the Songnen Plain, China. Remote Sensing 11(21):
2513.
Li, M., Han,
X., Du, S. & Li, L.J. 2019. Profile stock of soil organic carbon and
distribution in croplands of Northeast China. Catena 174: 285-292.
Li, Y., Zhang,
Q., Lu, J., Yao, J. & Tan, Z. 2019. Assessing surface water-groundwater
interactions in a complex river‐floodplain wetland‐isolated lake
system. River Research and Applications 35(1): 25-36.
Madlala, T.,
Kanyerere, T., Oberholster, P. & Xu, Y. 2019. Application of multi-method
approach to assess groundwater-surface water interactions, for catchment
management. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 16(5): 2215-2230.
Misaghi, F.,
Delgosha, F., Razzaghmanesh, M. & Myers, B. 2017. Introducing a water
quality index for assessing water for irrigation purposes: A case study of the
Ghezel Ozan River. Science of The Total Environment 589: 107-116.
Niu, S., Gao,
L. & Wang, X. 2019. Characterization of contamination levels of heavy
metals in agricultural soils using geochemical baseline concentrations. Journal
of Soils and Sediments 19(4): 1697-1707.
Ravikumar, P.
& Somashekar, R.K. 2017. Principal component analysis and hydrochemical
facies characterization to evaluate groundwater quality in Varahi river basin,
Karnataka state, India. Applied Water Science 7(2): 745-755.
Ravindra, K.
& Mor, S. 2019. Distribution and health risk assessment of arsenic and
selected heavy metals in Groundwater of Chandigarh, India. Environmental
Pollution 250: 820-830.
Rotiroti, M.,
Bonomi, T. & Fumagalli, L. 2013. An integrated approach to assess origin
and mobilization of As, Fe and Mn in groundwater: The case study of Cremona
(Northern Italy). EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts.
Şener,
Ş., Şener, E. & Davraz, A. 2017. Evaluation of water quality
using water quality index (WQI) method and GIS in Aksu River (SW-Turkey). Science
of The Total Environment 584: 131-144.
Solangi, G.S., Siyal, A.A., Babar, M.M.
& Siyal, P. 2019. Evaluation of drinking water quality using the water
quality index (WQI), the synthetic pollution index (SPI) and geospatial tools
in Thatta district, Pakistan. Desalination and Water Treatment 160:
202-213.
Solangi, G.S.,
Siyal, A.A., Babar, M.M. & Siyal, P. 2018. Evaluation of surface water
quality using the water quality index (WQI) and the synthetic pollution index
(SPI): A case study of Indus Delta region of Pakistan. Desalination and
Water Treatment 118: 39-48.
Soleimani, H.,
Nasri, O., Ojaghi, B., Pasalari, H., Hosseini, M., Hashemzadeh, B. &
Feizabadi, G.K. 2018. Data on drinking water quality using water quality index
(WQI) and assessment of groundwater quality for irrigation purposes in
Qorveh&Dehgolan, Kurdistan, Iran. Data in Brief 20: 375-386.
Sun, Y., Xu,
S.G., Kang, P.P., Fu, Y.Z. & Wang, T.X. 2019. Impacts of artificial
underground reservoir on groundwater environment in the reservoir and
downstream area. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public
Health 16(11): 1921.
Tian, H.,
Liang, X., Gong, Y., Qi, L., Liu, Q., Kang, Z. & Jin, H. 2020a. Health risk
assessment of nitrate pollution in shallow groundwater: A case study in China. Pol.
J. Environ. Stud. 29(1): 827-839.
Tian, H.,
Liang, X., Gong, Y., Ma, S., Kang, Z., Sun, Q. & Jin, H. 2020b. Risk
assessment of metals from shallow groundwater in Lianhuashan District, China. La
Houille Blanche (1): 5-15.
Tian, H.,
Liang, X., Gong, Y., Kang, Z. & Jin, H. 2019. Health risk assessment of
nitrate pollution in shallow groundwater: A case study in Changchun New
District, China. La Houille Blanche (5-6): 45-58.
Van Dijk, G.,
Wolters, J., Fritz, C., De Mars, H., Van Duinen, G.J., Ettwig, K.F. &
Smolders, A.J.P. 2019. Effects of groundwater nitrate and sulphate enrichment
on groundwater-fed mires: A case study. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 230(6): 122.
Wagh, V.M.,
Mukate, S.V., Panaskar, D.B., Muley, A.A. & Sahu, U.L. 2019. Study of
groundwater hydrochemistry and drinking suitability through Water Quality Index
(WQI) modelling in Kadava river basin, India. SN Applied Sciences 1(10):
1251.
Wooding, M.,
Rohwer, E.R. & Naudé, Y. 2017. Determination of endocrine disrupting
chemicals and antiretroviral compounds in surface water: A disposable sorptive
sampler with comprehensive gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry
and large volume injection with ultra-high performance liquid
chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 1496: 122-132.
World Health Organization (WHO). 2008. Guidelines for
Drinking-Water Quality. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Wu, H., Guan,
Q., Ma, H., Xue, Z., Yang, M. & Batzer, D.P. 2019. Effects of saline
conditions and hydrologic permanence on snail assemblages in wetlands of
Northeastern China. Ecological Indicators 96: 620-627.
Xing, Z.,
Tian, K., Du, C., Li, C., Zhou, J. & Chen, Z. 2019. Agricultural soil
characterization by FTIR spectroscopy at micrometer scales: Depth profiling by
photoacoustic spectroscopy. Geoderma 335: 94-103.
Zhang, B.,
Song, X., Zhang, Y., Han, D., Tang, C., Yu, Y. & Ma, Y. 2012. Hydrochemical
characteristics and water quality assessment of surface water and groundwater
in Songnen plain, Northeast China. Water Research 46(8): 2737-2748.
Zhao, H.Q.,
Zhang, Z.H. & Chen, Y. 2010. Lowering of groundwater level and its negative
environment effects in the Songnen Plain. Journal of Arid Land Resources and
Environment 24(1): 126-130.
Zhou, M., Liu,
X., Meng, Q., Zeng, X., Zhang, J., Li, D. & Ma, X. 2019. Additional
application of aluminum sulfate with different fertilizers ameliorates
saline-sodic soil of Songnen Plain in Northeast China. Journal of Soils and
Sediments 19(10): 3521-3533.
Zanotti, C.,
Rotiroti, M., Fumagalli, L., Stefania, G.A., Canonaco, F., Stefenelli, G. &
Bonomi, T. 2019. Groundwater and surface water quality characterization through
positive matrix factorization combined with GIS approach. Water Research 159: 122-134.
*Corresponding author; email: 359585977@qq.com
|
|||
|
