Sains Malaysiana 44(4)(2015): 559–564

The Effects of Rodenticide Residues Deposited in Eggs of Tyto alba to Eggshell Thickness

(Kesan Residu Racun Tikus dalam Telur Tyto alba kepada Penipisan Kulit Telur)

HASBER SALIM¹, HAFIDZI MOHD NOOR¹*, NOOR HISHAM HAMID², DZOLKHIFLI OMAR¹,

AZHAR KASIM³ & CIK MOHD RIZUAN Z. ABIDIN²

¹Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia

43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

²Crop Protection Division, Felda Agricultural Services Sdn Bhd, Tun Razak Agriculture Research Centre

27000 Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia

³Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia

43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

Diserahkan: 26 Julai 2013/Diterima: 30 Oktober 2014

ABSTRACT

The deposition of anticoagulant residues in the eggs of barn owls, Tyto alba by assessing eggshell thickness were investigated in oil palm plantations. Three study plots were set aside; one plot each baited with chlorophacinone and bromadiolone, respectively and the third was left unbaited. Four baiting campaigns were conducted on the rodenticide designated plots, coinciding with the breeding seasons of T. alba. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed that 29.73% (n=37) and 5.35% (n=56) of addled eggs collected from rodenticide treated plots contained bromadiolone and chlorophacinone, respectively, with mean concentration of residues from 0.009 to 0.031 μg/g wet weight. None of the addled eggs (n=28) collected from the unbaited plot contained bromadiolone or chlorophacinone residues. The detection of rodenticide residues in both albumen and yolk indicated high risk of secondary poisoning to both compounds. However, low levels of residues detected have no effects on shape of egg, eggshell mass or thickness.

Keywords: Anticoagulant rodenticide; barn owl; eggshell thickness; secondary poisoning

ABSTRAK

Suatu kajian lapangan di ladang kelapa sawit telah dijalankan untuk menilai potensi residu racun tikus antikoagulan dipindahkan daripada ibu burung pungguk, Tyto alba kepada telur dan kesan residu tersebut terhadap kualiti dan penipisan kulit telur. Tiga kawasan kajian telah dipilih dengan dua dirawat dengan racun tikus antikoagulan iaitu bromadiolon dan klorofasinon serta satu kawasan lagi tanpa rawatan sebagai kawalan. Empat kempen pengumpanan ataupun rawatan telah dijalankan semasa musim pembiakan T. alba di kawasan rawatan racun tikus antikoagulan. Keputusan analisis kromatografi cecair prestasi tinggi (HPLC) menunjukkan bilangan sampel telur T. alba yang dikutip dari kawasan rawatan racun tikus antikoagulan yang mengandungi residu adalah masing-masing sebanyak 29.73% (n=37) bagi rawatan bromadiolon dan sebanyak 5.35% (n=56) bagi rawatan klorofasinon. Residu yang dikesan adalah dalam julat 0.009 hingga 0.031 μg/g berat basah. Analisis residu juga menunjukkan tiada sampel telur yang diambil dari kawasan tanpa rawatan racun tikus antikoagulan (n=28) mengandungi residu bromadiolon mahupun klorofasinon. Pengesanan residu bromadiolon dan klorofasinon di dalam sampel telur menunjukkan risiko keracunan sekunder yang tinggi terhadap T. alba di kedua-dua kawasan kajian dan wujudnya potensi racun tikus antikoagulan ini dipindahkan ke dalam telur. Namun, kandungan residu yang rendah di dalam telur tidak memberikan kesan terhadap bentuk telur, berat cengkerang mahupun penipisan cengkerang telur T. alba.

Kata kunci: Burung pungguk; keracunan sekunder; racun ketebalan kulit telur; tikus antikoagulan

RUJUKAN

Castilla, A.M., Herrel, A., Van Dongen, S., Furio, N. & Negro, J. 2009. Determinants of eggshell strength in endangered raptors. Journal of Experimental Zoology 311A: 303-311.

Crowley, T.A. 1963. Calcium deficiency is associated with thinner shells. Poultry Science 54: 350-368.

Dzoma, B.M. 2010. Some factors affecting fertility and hatchability in farmed ostrich: A review. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 9(2): 229-239.

Eeva, T., Lehikoinen, E. & Pohjalainen, T. 1997. Pollution-related variation in food supply and breeding success in two hole-nestling passerines. Ecology 78: 1120-1131.

Erickson, W. & Urban, D. 2004. Potential Risks of Nine Rodenticides to Birds and Nontarget Mammals: A comparative approach. Washington, DC, USA, United States Enviromental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticides Programs Environmental Fate and Effects Division. p. 225.

Fisher, P.M. 2009. Residual concentration and persistence of the anticoagulant rodenticides Brodifacoum and Diphacinone in fauna. Ph.D. Thesis. Lincoln University, New Zealand. p. 155 (unpublished).

Green, R.E. 1998. Long-term decline in the thickness of eggshells of thrushes, Turdus spp., in Britain. Proceedings of Royal Society, Biological Sciences 265: 679-684.

Jaspers, V., Covaci, A., Maervoet, J., Dauwe, T., Voorspoels, S., Schepens, P. & Eens, M. 2005. Brominated flame retardants and organochlorine pollutants in eggs of little owls (Athene noctua) from Belgium. Environmental Pollution 136: 81-88.

Kammerer, M., Pouliquen, H., Pinault, L. & Loyau, M. 1999. Residues depletion in egg after warfarin ingestion by laying hens. Veterinary and Human Toxicology 40(5): 273-275.

Klass, E.E., Wiemeyer, S.N., Ohlendorf, H.M. & Swineford, D.M. 1978. Organochlorine residues, eggshell thickness and nest success in barn wols from the Chesapeake Bay. Estuaries 1: 46-53.

Koelkebeck, K.W. 2012. What is eggshell quality and how to preserve it? Cheva-Eggs Program 8(4): 1-2.

Lundholm, C.E. 1997. DDE-Induced eggshell thinning in birds: Effects of p,p’-DDE on the calcium and prostaglandin metabolism of the eggshell gland. Comparative Biology and Physiology 118C(2): 113-128.

Mario, G. & Grazia, M. 2010. An HPLC method for the determination of bromadiolone plasma kinetics and its residues in hen eggs. Journal of Chromatographic Science 48(9): 714-720.

Mendenhall, V.M., Klass, E.E. & McLane, M.A.R. 1983. Breeding success of of Barn Owls (Tyto alba) fed low levels of DDE and Dieldrin. Archieves in Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 12: 235-240.

Naim, M., Hafidzi, M.N., Sudharto, P.S. & Caliman, J.P. 2012. Detection of rodenticide residues for raptor conservation. 3rd International Conference on Oil Palm and Environment (ICOPE), Bali, Indonesia. 22-24 February.

Olsen, P., Fuller, P. & Marples, T.G. 1993. Pesticide-related eggshell thinning in Australian raptors. Emu. 93: 1-11.

Pouliquen, H., Fauconnet, V., Morvan, M.L. & Pinault, L. 1997. Determination of Warfarin in the yolk and the white of hens eggs by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography 702: 143-148.

Robertson, H.A., Colbourne, R.M., Graham, P.J., Miller, P.J. & Pierce, R.J. 1999. Survival of brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli) exposed to brodifacoum poison in Northland, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 23: 225-231.

Springer, A.S. 1980. Pesticide levels, egg and eggshell parameter of great Horned Owls. Ohio Journal of Science 80: 184-187

Taylor, T.G. 1970. How an eggshell is made. Scientific American 222: 88-95.

Tucker, R.K. 1971. Effects of many chemicals on shell thickness. Utah Science 6: 47-49.

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: hafidzi@upm.edu.my