Sains Malaysiana 44(5)(2015): 707–717

Aquatic Insect Biodiversity and Water Quality Parameters of Streams in Northern Thailand

(Kepelbagaian Biologi Serangga Air dan Parameter Kualiti Air Anak Sungai di Utara Thailand)

T. PROMMI* & A. PAYAKKA

Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus

Nakhon Pathom Province, 73140, Thailand

Diserahkan: 1 Januari 2015/Diterima: 22 Januari 2015

ABSTRACT

Biodiversity of aquatic insect and physicochemical water quality parameters in Mae Tao and Mae Ku watersheds were assessed bi-monthly from February 2011 to February 2012. A total of 59 families representing 9 orders were recorded. At order level, Trichoptera was found at the highest frequency in total abundance (45.75%) followed by Ephemeroptera (18.06%), Hemiptera (13.45%), Odonata (9.62%), Diptera (8.17%), Coleoptera (4.6%), Megaloptera (0.17%), Lepidoptera (0.11%) and Plecoptera (0.07%). The family Hydropsychidae was the most prominent and the most abundant aquatic insect taxa followed by Chironomidae. Water temperature, dissolved oxygen and ammonia-nitrogen were similar at all sampling stations. Significant variations in pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, sulfate, nitrate-nitrogen and alkalinity were found at all sampling stations. Taxa richness and diversity index significantly correlated with dissolved oxygen, sulfate, nitrate-nitrogen and ammonia-nitrogen (p<0.05, p<0.01). Physicochemical data and biological data showed that mostly the surface water quality in Mae Tao and Mae Ku watersheds were within Type III of The Surface Water Standard for Agriculture and Water Quality for Protection of Aquatic Resources in Thailand.

Keywords: Aquatic insect; diversity; physicochemical variables; richness; watershed

ABSTRAK

Kepelbagaian biologi serangga akuatik dan parameter kualiti air fizikokimia dalam tadahan air Mae Tao dan Mae Ku dinilai setiap dua bulan sekali dari Februari 2011 hingga Februari 2012. Sejumlah 59 keluarga yang mewakili 9 order telah direkodkan. Pada peringkat order, Trichoptera telah ditemui dengan kekerapan tertinggi (45.75%) diikuti oleh Ephemeroptera (18.06%), Hemiptera (13.45%), Odonata (9.62%), Diptera (8.17%), Coleoptera (4.6%), Megaloptera (0.17%), Lepidoptera (0.11%) dan Plecoptera (0.07%). Famili Hydropsychidae adalah yang paling menonjol dan yang paling banyak takson serangga akuatik diikuti oleh famili Chironomidae. Suhu air, oksigen terlarut dan amonia-nitrogen adalah sama di semua stesen pensampelan. Perubahan ketara di dalam pH, pengaliran elektrik, jumlah pepejal terlarut, sulfat, nitrat-nitrogen dan alkali ditemui di semua stesen pensampelan. Kekayaan takson dan indeks kepelbagaian dengan ketara berkorelasi dengan oksigen terlarut, sulfat, nitrat-nitrogen dan amonia-nitrogen (p<0.05, p<0.01). Data fisikokimia dan biologi menunjukkan kebanyakan kualiti air permukaan di tadahan air Mae Tao dan Mae Ku adalah Jenis III dalam Piawai Air Permukaan untuk Pertanian dan Kualiti Air untuk Perlindungan Sumber Akuatik di Thailand.

Kata kunci: Kekayaan; kepelbagaian; pemboleh ubah fizikokimia; serangga akuatik; tadahan air

RUJUKAN

APHA, AWWA, WPCF. 1992. Standard Method for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 18th ed. American Public Health Association. Washington DC.

Arimoro, F.O. & Ikomi, R.B. 2008. Ecological integrity of upper Warri River, Niger Delta using aquatic insects as bioindicators. Ecological Indicator 395: 1-7.

Aweng, E.R., Ismid, M.S. & Maketab, M. 2011. The effect of land uses on physicochemical water quality at three rivers in Sungai Endau watershed, Kluang, Johor, Malaysia. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 5(7): 923-932.

Borisko, J.P., Kilgour, B.W., Stanfield, L.W. & Jones, F.C. 2007. An evaluation of rapid bioassessment protocols for stream benthic invertebrates in Southern Ontario, Canada. Water Quality Research Journal of Canada 42(3): 184-193.

Biggs, B.J.F. 1995. Relationship between benthic biota and hydrological indices in New Zealand streams. Freshwater Biology 38: 327-342.

Bio, A., Vieira, N., Costa, M.J. & Valente, A. 2011. Assessment of habitat and water quality of the Portuguese Febros River and one of its tributaries. Limnetica 30(1): 103-116.

Boonsoong, B. & Sangpradub, N. 2008. Diversity of stream benthic macroinvertebrates at the Loei River and adjacent catchments, northeastern Thailand. KKU Science Journal 36(Supplement):107-121.

Buss, D.F. & Vitorino, A.S. 2010. Rapid bioassessment protocols using benthic macroinvertebrates in Brazil: Evaluation of taxonomic sufficiency. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 29(2): 562-571.

Cairns, Jr. & Prall, A.R. 1993. A history of biological monitoring using benthos macroinvertebrates. In Freshwater Biomonitoring and Benthic Macroinvertebrates, edited by Rosenberg, D.M. & Resh, V.H. New York: Chapman and Hall. pp. 159-194.

Chae, S.J., Purstela, N., Johnson, E., Derock, E.S., Lawler, P. & Madigan, J.E. 2000. Infection of aquatic insects with trematode metacercariae carrying Ehrilichia risticii, the case of the Potomac house fever. Journal of Medical Entomology 37: 619-625.

Crisci-Bispo, V.L., Bispo, P.C. & Froehlich, C.G. 2007. Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera assemblages in litter in a mountain stream of the Atlantic rainforest from Southeastern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia24: 545-551.

Daly, H.V., Doyen, J.T. & Purcell, A.H. 1998. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc.

Dohet, A. 2002. Are caddisflies an ideal group for the biological assessment of water quality in streams? In Proceedings of the Xth International Symposium on Trichoptera, edited by Mey, W. Germany: Potsdam. pp. 507-520.

Dudgeon, D. 1999. Tropical Asian Streams Zoobenthos, Ecology and Conservation. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.

Galuppo, N., Maci, S., Pinna, M. & Basset, A. 2007. Habitat types and distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates in a transitional water ecosystem: Alimini Grande (Puglia, Italy). Transitional Waters Bulletin 4: 9-19.

Guilpart, A., Roussel, J.M., Aubin, J., Caquet, T., Marle, M. & Bris, H.L. 2012. The use of benthic invertebrate community and water quality analyses to assess ecological consequences of fish farm effluents in rivers. Ecological Indicators 23: 356-365.

Gupta, M. & Paliwal, A. 2010. Role of aquatic insects of water quality in related to physico-chemical parameters in Yamuna River at District Firozabad (U.P.). Advanced Biomedical Research 1(1): 71-74.

Hamid, S.A. & Rawi, C.S.M. 2011. Stoneflies (Insecta: Plecoptera) in Malaysian tropical rivers: Diversity and seasonality. Journal of Entomology and Nematology 3(2): 030-036.

Hepp, L.U., Restello, R.M. & Milesi, S.V. 2013. Distribution of aquatic insects in urban headwater streams. Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia25(1): 1-9.

Hering, D., Schmidt-Kloiber, A., Murphy, J., Lücke, S., Zamora- Muńoz, C., López-Rodŕguez, M.J., Huber, T. & Graf, W. 2009. Potential impact of climate change on aquatic insects: A sensitivity analysis for European caddisflies (Trichoptera) based on distribution patterns and ecological preferences. Aquatic Science 71: 3-14.

Ishas, F. & Khan, A. 2013. Aquatic biodiversity as an ecological indicators for water quality criteria of River Yamuna in Doon Valley, Uttarakhand, India. World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences 5(3): 322-334.

Kimura, G., Inoue, E. & Hirabayashi, K. 2008. Seasonal abundance of adult caddisfly (Trichoptera) in the middle reaches of the Shinano River in Central Japan. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Urban Pests, edited by Robinson, W.H. & Bajomi, D. Hungary: OOK-Press Kft.

Mandal, H.K. 2014. Assessment of wastewater temperature and its relationship with turbidity. Recent Research in Science and Technology 6(1): 258-262.

Merritt, R.W. & Cummins, K.W. 1996. Aquatic Insects of the North America. Dubuque: Kendall Hunt Publishing Company.

Ngodhe, S.O., Raburu, P.O. & Achieng, A. 2014. The impact of water quality on species diversity and richness of macroinvertebrates in small water bodies in Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya. Journal of Ecology and the Natural Environment 6(1): 32-41.

Oliveira, S.V. & Cortes, R.M.V. 2006. Environmental indicators of ecological integrity and their development for running waters in northern Portugal. Limnetica 25(1-2): 479-498.

Paaijmans, K.P., Takken, W., Githeko, A.K. & Jacobs, A.F. 2008. The effect of water turbidity on the near-surface water temperature of larval habitats of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae. International Journal of Biometeorology 52: 747-753.

Pennak, W.R. 1978. Fresh-water Invertebrates of United States. New York: Willy-Interscience Publishing.

Pond, G.J., Passmore, M.E., Borsuk, F.A., Reynolds, L. & Rose, C.J. 2008. Downstream effects of mountaintop coal mining: Comparing biological conditions using family-and genus-level macroinvertebrate bioassessment tools. Journal of North American Benthological Society 27(3): 717-737.

Qu, X., Wu, N., Tang, T., Cai, Q. & Park, Y.S. 2010. Effects of heavy metals on benthic macroinvertebrate communities in high mountain streams. Annales de Limnologie - International Journal of Limnology 46: 291-302.

Roland, F., Huszar, V.L.M., Farjalla, V.F., Enrich-Prast, A., Amado, A.M. & Ometto, J.P.H.B. 2012. Climate change in Brazil: Perspective on the biogeochemistry of inland waters. Brazilian Journal of Biology 72(3) (suppl.): 709-722.

Rosenberg, D.M. & Resh, V.H. 1993. Freshwater Biomonitoring and Benthic Macroinvertebrates. New York: Chapman and Hall.

Resh, V.H., Myers, M.J. & Hannaford, M.J. 1996. Macroinvertebrates as biotic indicators of environmental quality. In Method in Stream Ecology, edited by Hauer, F.R. & Lamberti, G.A. New York: Academic Press. pp. 647-667.

Scheibler, E.E., Claps, M.C. & Roig-Junent, S.A. 2014. Temporal and altitudinal variations in benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages in an Andean river basin of Argentina. Journal of Limnology 73(1): 92-108.

Siddaramu, D. & Puttaiah, E.T. 2013. Physicochemical characteristics of Balagala Kere and Purali Kere of Shimoga District, Karnataka, India. International Journal of Advanced Research 1(8): 313-321.

Silva, F.L., Moreira, D.C., Ruiz, S.S. & Bochini, G.L. 2009. Diversity and abundance of aquatic macroinvertebrates in a lotic environment in Midwestern São Paolo State, Brazil. Ambi-Agua, Taubaté4(1): 37-44.

Sivec, I. & Yule, C.M. 2004. Insecta: Plecoptera. In Freshwater Invertebrates of the Malaysian Regio, edited by Yule, C.M. & Sen, Y.H. Selangor: Aura Productions Sdn. Bhd.

Stiling, P.D. 1996. Ecology: Theories and Applications. 2nd ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Stoyanova, T., Vidinova, Y., Yaneva, I., Tyufekchieva, V., Parvanov, D., Traykov, I. & Bogoev, V. 2014. Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera as indicators for ecological quality of the Luda Reka River, Southwest Bulgaria. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica66(2): 255-260.

Suhaila, A.H., Che Salmah, M.R. & Nurul Huda, A. 2014. Seasonal abundance and diversity of aquatic insects in rivers in Gunung Jerai Forest Reserve, Malaysia. Sains Malaysiana43(5): 667-674.

Tariq, M., Ali, M. & Shah, Z. 2006. Characteristics of industrial effluents and their possible impacts on quality of underground water. Soil & Environmental 25(1): 64-69.

United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1986. Quality Criteria for Water. Office of Water Regulations and Standards. Washington, DC EPA/440/5-86-001.

Wahizatul, A.A., Long, S.H. & Ahmad, A. 2011. Composition and distribution of aquatic insect communities in relation to water quality in two freshwater streams of Hulu Terengganu, Terengganu. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management 6(1): 148-155.

Wiggins, G.B. 1996. Larvae of the North American Caddisfly Genera (Trichoptera). 2nd ed. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Wilhm, J.L. & Dorris, T.C. 1968. Biological parameters of water quality criteria. Bioscience 18: 477-481.

Xu, M., Wang, Z., Duan, X. & Pan, B. 2014. Effects of pollution on macroinvertebrates and water quality bio-assessment. Hydrobiologia 729: 247-259.

Zarei, H. & Bilondi, M.P. 2013. Factor analysis of chemical composition in the Karoon River basin, southwest of Iran. Applied Water Science 3: 753-761.

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: faastop@ku.ac.th