Sains Malaysiana 44(7)(2015): 921–929

Features of Intertidal Bioerosion and Bioconstruction on Limestone Coasts of Langkawi Islands, Malaysia

(Ciri Antara Pasang Surut Biohakisan dan Biopembinaan di Pantai Batu Kapur, Pulau Langkawi, Malaysia)

MIKLÓS KÁZMÉR¹*, MOHD SHAFEEA LEMAN², KAMAL ROSLAN MOHAMED²,

CHE AZIZ ALI³ & DANKO TABOROŠI⁴

¹Department of Palaeontology, Eötvös University, Pázmány sétány 1/c, H-1117 Budapest

Hungary

²Geology Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

43600 Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

³Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

43600 Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

⁴Island Research & Education Initiative, Pohnpei, FM 96491, Federated States of Micronesia

Diserahkan: 28 September 2013/Diterima: 5 Mei 2015

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this paper was to provide a practical guide assisting field workers in identification and interpretation of frequently occurring bioerosional textures created in limestone by intertidal organisms along the coasts of Langkawi Islands, Malaysia. The discussion follows the textural succession from the supratidal down to the lower intertidal zone. Traces left by lichens, boring sponges, molluscs (littorinid snails, the chiton Acanthopleura, the bivalve Lithophaga) and the echinoid Echinometra are illustrated. Products of bioconstructing organisms, specifically oysters and barnacle are also described. Ecological tolerance of each group is given.

Keywords: Barnacle; bioconstruction; bioerosion; echinoid; Holocene; intertidal; mollusc; Langkawi; Malaysia

ABSTRAK

Tujuan penulisan ini adalah untuk menyediakan panduan praktikal untuk membantu pekerja lapangan dalam pengenalan dan tafsiran tentang kekerapan berlakunya kejadian biohakisan tekstur dalam batu kapur oleh organisma pasang surut di sepanjang Pantai Pulau Langkawi, Malaysia. Perbincangan ini mengikut tekstur turutan daripada suprapasang surut sehingga ke zon rendah pasang surut. Jejak yang ditinggalkan oleh liken, span gerek, moluska (siput litorinid, chiton Acanthopleura, bivalve Lithophaga) dan ekinoid Echinometra ditunjukkan. Produk organisma biopembinaan, khususnya tiram dan teritip, juga dinyatakan. Toleransi ekologi untuk setiap kumpulan turut diberikan.

Kata kunci: Biohakisan; biopembinaan; ekinoid; Holesen; Langkawi; Malaysia; moluska; pasang surut; teritip

RUJUKAN

Adamo, P. & Violante, P. 2000. Weathering of rocks and neogenesis of minerals with lichen activity. Applied Clay Science 16: 229-256.

Andrews, C. & Williams, R.B.G. 2000. Limpet erosion of chalk shore platforms in southeast England. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 25: 1371-1381.

Asgaard, U. & Bromley, R.G. 2008. Echinometrid sea urchins, their trophic styles and corresponding bioerosion. In Current Developments in Bioerosion, edited by Wisshak, M. & Tapanila, L. Berlin: Springer. pp. 279-303.

Bromley, R.G. 1992. Bioerosion: Eating rocks for fun and profit. In Trace Fossils. Short Courses in Paleontology 5, edited by Maples, C.G. & West, R.R. Boulder, CO: The Paleontological Society. p. 122-129.

Bromley, R.G. & Asgaard, U. 1993. Endolithic community replacement on a Pliocene rocky coast. Ichnos 2: 93-116.

Carter, N.E.A. & Viles, H.A. 2005. Bioprotection explored: The story of a little-known earth surface process. Geomorphology 67: 273-281.

Che Aziz Ali, Kamal Roslan Mohamed & Ibrahim Abdullah 2003. Formasi Setul di Langkawi: Geologi dan sumber warisan. In Warisan Geologi Langkawi, edited by Ibrahim Komoo & Che Aziz Ali. Bangi: Lestari UKM Publication. p. 89-117.

Chen, J., Blume, H.P. & Beyer, L. 2000. Weathering of rocks induced by lichen colonization - a review. Catena 39: 121- 146.

Donn, T.F. & Boardman, M.R. 1988. Bioerosion of rocky carbonate coastlines on Andros Island, Bahamas. Journal of Coastal Research 4(3): 381-394.

Ekdale, A.A., Bromley, R.G. & Pemberton, S.G. 1984. Ichnology: The Use of Trace Fossils in Sedimentology and Stratigraphy. Tulsa, OK: SEPM Publication.

Fórnos, J.J., Pons, G.X., Gómez-Pujol, L. & Belaguer, P. 2006. The role of biological processes and rates of downwearing due to grazing organisms on Mallorcan carbonate coasts (Western Mediterranean). Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, Supplementband 44: 161-181.

Glaub, I., Golubic, S., Gektidis, M., Radtke, G. & Vogel, K. 2007. Microborings and microbial endoliths: Geological implications. In Trace Fossils: Concepts, Problems, Prospects, edited by Miller, W.C. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 368-381.

Harper, K.D. & Williams, G.A. 2001. Variation in abundance and distribution of the chiton Acanthopleura japonica and associated molluscs on a seasonal, tropical, rocky shore. Journal of Zoology, London 253: 293-300.

Henry, R.P., McBride, C.J. & Williams, A.H. 1993. Responses of the marsh periwinkle, Littoraria (Littorina) irrorata to temperature, salinity and desiccation, and the potential physiological relationship to climbing behavior. Marine Behaviour and Physiology 24(1): 45-54.

Hodgkin, E.P. 1970. Geomorphology and biological erosion of limestone coasts in Malaysia. Geological Society of Malaysia Bulletin 3: 27-51.

Jones, B. 1989. The role of microorganisms in phytokarst development on dolostones and limestones, Grand Cayman, British West Indies. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 26: 2204-2213.

Jones, C.R. 1981. The Geology and Mineral Resources of Perlis, North Kedah and Langkawi Islands. Geological Survey of Malaysia District Memoir 17: 257.

Kázmér, M. & Taboroši, D. 2012. Bioerosion on the small scale - examples from the tropical and subtropical littoral. Hantkeniana 7: 37-94.

Kelletat, D. 2005. Notches. In Encyclopedia of Coastal Science, edited by Schwartz, M.L. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 727-730.

Laborel, J. & Laborel-Deguen, F. 1994. Biological indicators of relative sea-level variations and of co-seismic displacements in the Mediterranean region. Journal of Coastal Research 10(2): 395-415.

Lee, C.P. 2009. Palaeozoic stratigraphy. In Geology of Peninsular Malaysia, edited by Hutchison, C.S. & Tan, D.N.K. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya and Geological Society of Malaysia. pp. 55-86.

Mohd Shafeea Leman 2003. Batu kapur berusia Perm di Kepulauan Langkawi. In Warisan Geologi Langkawi, edited by Ibrahim Komoo & Che Aziz Ali. Bangi: Lestari UKM Publication. pp. 155-170.

Mohd Shafeea Leman, Kamaruzzaman Abdul Ghani, Ibrahim Komoo & Norhayati Ahmad 2007. Langkawi Geopark. Bangi, Lestari UKM Publication. p. 113.

Moses, C.A. 2003. Observations on coastal biokarst, Hells Gate, Lord Howe Island, Australia. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 47: 83-100.

Moses, C. 2013. Tropical rock coasts: Cliff, notch and platform erosion dynamics. Progress in Physical Geography 37: 206-226.

Naylor, L.A., Viles, H.A. & Carter, N.E.A. 2002. Biogeomorphology revisited: Looking towards the future. Geomorphology 47: 3-14.

Neumann, A.C. 1966. Observations on coastal erosion in Bermuda and measurements of the boring rates of the sponge Cliona lampa. Limnology and Oceanography 11: 92-108.

Pirazzoli, P.A. 1996. Sea-level Changes: The Last 20,000 Years. Chichester: Wiley. p. 211.

Rasmussen, K.A. & Frankenberg, E.W. 1990. Intertidal bioerosion by the chiton Acanthopleura granulata: San Salvador, Bahamas. Bulletin of Marine Science 47(3): 680-695.

Shumway, S.E. 1996. Natural environmental factors. In The Eastern Oyster: Crassostrea virginica, edited by Kennedy, V.S., Newell, R.I.E. & Able, A.F. College Park, MD: Maryland Sea Grant College. pp. 467-513.

Spencer, T. & Viles, H. 2002. Bioconstruction, bioerosion and disturbance on tropical coasts: Coral reefs and rocky limestone shores. Geomorphology 48: 23-50.

Taboroši, D. & Kázmér, M. 2013. Erosional and depositional textures and structures in coastal karst landscapes. In Coastal Karst Landforms. Coastal Research Library 5, edited by Lace, M.J. & Mylroie, J. Dordrecht: Springer Science. pp. 15-58.

Zundelevich, A., Lazar, B. & Ilan, M. 2007. Chemical versus mechanical bioerosion of coral reefs by boring sponges - lessons from Pione cf. vastifica. The Journal of Experimental Biology 210: 91-96.

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: mkazmer@gmail.com