Sains Malaysiana 45(2)(2016): 167–176

Phytoaccumulation of Heavy Metals and Protein Expression by Different Vegetables Collected from Various Parts of Khyber Pukhtunkhawa Province, Pakistan

(Fitoakumulasi Logam Berat dan Ekspresi Protein oleh Sayuran Berbeza Diperoleh

dari Bahagian Berbeza di Wilayah Khyber Pukhtunkhawa, Pakistan)

Jehan Bakht*¹ & Laleena Khan¹ & Mohammad Shafi²

¹Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture Peshawar KPK,

Pakistan

²Department of Agronomy, The University of Agriculture Peshawar KPK, Pakistan

Diserahkan: 10 Oktober 2014/Diterima: 6 Ogos 2015

ABSTRACT

The present study investigates heavy metal uptake and protein expression by different vegetables collected from various districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhawa province of Pakistan. Statistical analysis of the data showed that maximum concentration of Cd, Cr, Ni, Zn were found in radish and spinach, respectively, collected from Peshawar. Maximum Pb and Mg accumulation were found in cauliflower and pea at Swat followed by coriander at Haripur and minimum Pb uptake was noticed in radish taken from Nowshehra. Highest Cu uptake was detected in spinach at Nowshehra. Data regarding Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni, Mg and Zn concentration in water samples gathered from different sites of KPK indicated that maximum concentration of Cd was observed in Swat. Maximum Cr and Cu concentration were measured in water samples from Peshawar while maximum concentration of Pb and Ni were detected in water samples from Haripur. In case of soil samples, maximum Cd, Cr, Mg and Zn uptake was observed in soil sample at Nowshehra. Maximum Pb and Ni concentration was found in soil samples collected from Peshawar. Cu concentration was observed to be the highest in soil at Swat. Protein profile of different vegetables i.e. cauliflower, radish, carrot, turnip, pea, spinach, coriander and garlic sampled across five different sites showed that uptake of Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni, Mg and Zn by these vegetables caused the expression of numerous polypeptides.

Keywords: Heavy metals; protein expression; vegetables; WHO

ABSTRAK

Penyelidikan ini mengkaji penyerapan logam berat dan ekspresi protein oleh sayuran berbeza yang diperoleh dari pelbagai daerah di wilayah Khyber Pakhtunkhawa, Pakistan. Analisis statistik data menunjukkan bahawa kepekatan maksimum Cd, Cr Ni, Zn dilihat pada lobak dan bayam yang masing-masing diperoleh dari Peshawar. Pengumpulan maksimum Pb dan Mg dilihat pada kubis bunga dan kacang pea di Swat diikuti ketumbar di Haripur dan penyerapan minimum Pb dilihat pada lobak yang diambil dari Nowshehra. Penyerapan tertinggi Cu dikesan dalam bayam di Nowshehra. Data kepekatan Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni, Mg dan Zn dalam sampel air diambil dari tapak berbeza di KPK menunjukkan bahawa kepekatan maksimum Cd diperhatikan di Swat. Kepekatan maksimum Cr dan Cu diukur dalam sampel air dari Peshawar manakala kepekatan maksimum Pb dan Ni telah dikesan dalam sampel air dari Haripur. Dalam kes sampel tanah, penyerapan maksimum Cd, Cr, Mg dan Zn diperhatikan dalam sampel tanah di Nowshehra. Kepekatan maksimum Pb dan Ni diperoleh daripada sampel tanah yang dikumpul dari Peshawar. Kepekatan Cu diperhatikan tertinggi di Swat. Sampel profil protein sayuran berbeza seperti kubis bunga, lobak, lobak merah, turnip, kacang pea, bayam, ketumbar dan bawang putih dari lima tapak berbeza menunjukkan bahawa penyerapan Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni, Mg dan Zn oleh sayuran ini menyebabkan ekpresi pelbagai polipeptides.

Kata kunci: Ekpresi protein; logam berat; sayuran; WHO

RUJUKAN

Adah, C.A., Abah, J., Ubwa, S.T. & Ekele, S. 2013. Soil availability and uptake of some heavy metals by three staple vegetables commonly cultivated along the South bank of River Benue Makurdi, Nigeria. International Journal of Environment and Bioenergy 8: 56-67.

Akan, J.C., Kolo, B.G., Yikala, B.S. & Ogugbuaja, V.O. 2013. Determinations of some heavy metals in vegetable samples from Biu local government area, Borno State, North Eastern Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis 1: 40-46.

Ali, J., Najma, Y.C. & Faheem, A. 2014. In vitro development of chromium (VI) affected adventitious roots of Solanum tubersum L. with GA3 and IAA application. Pakistan Journal of Botany 46: 687-692.

Ata, S., Tayyab, S. & Rasool, A. 2013. Analysis of non-volatile toxic heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr and Zn). In Allium sativum (garlic) and soil samples collected from different locations of Punjab, Pakistan by atomic absorption spectroscopy. E3S Web of Conference 1-16004. DOI 10.1051/e3sconf/20130116004.

Azmat, R., Noshab, Q., Hajira, N.B., Raheela, N., Fahim, D. & Mustafa, K. 2015. Aluminum induced enzymatic disorder as an important eco-biomarker in seedlings of Lens culinaris Medic. Pakitsan Journal of Botany 47: 89-93.

Basu, A., Mazumdar, I. & Goswami, K. 2013. Accumulation of lead in vegetable crops along major highways in Kolkata, India. International Journal of Advanced Biological Research 3: 131-133.

Bigdeli, M. & Seilsepour, M. 2008. Investigation of metals accumulation in some vegetables irrigated with waste water in Shahre Rey-Iran and toxicological implications. American- Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Science 4: 86-92.

Colak, G., Celalettin, M.B., Remzi, G., Ercan, C. & Necmettin, C. 2005. Investigation of the effects of aluminum stress on some macro and micro-nutrient contents of the seedlings of Lycopersicon esculentum mill by using scanning electron microscope. Pakistan Journal of Botany 46: 147-160.

Chehregani, A., Malayeri, B. & Golmohammadi, R. 2005. Effect of heavy metals on the developmental stages of ovules and embryonic sac in Euphorbia cheirandenia. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 8: 622-625.

D'Mello, J.P.F. 2003. Food Safety: Contamination and Toxins. Wallingford, Oxon, UK, Cambridge: CABI Publishing. p. 480.

Desfrancs, C.C., Thiellement, H. & Devienne, D. 1985. Analysis of leaf proteins by two-dimensional gel-electrophoresis-protease action as exemplified by ribu-lose bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase degradation and procedure to avoid proteolysis during extraction. Plant Physiology 78: 178-182.

Doherty, V.F., Sogbanmu, T.O., Kanife, U.C. & Wright, O. 2012. Heavy metals in vegetables collected from selected farm and market sites in Lagos, Nigeria. Global Advanced Research Journal of Environmental Science and Toxicology 1: 137-142.

Fries, W., Fried, J., Platzer, K., Horak, O. & Gerzabek, M.H. 2006. Remediation of contaminated agricultural soils near a former Pb/Zn smelter in Austria: Batch, pot and field experiments. Environmental Pollution 144: 40-50.

Gomez, K.A. & Gomez, A.A. 1986. Statistical procedures in agricultural research. Experimental Agriculture 22: 13-31.

Hamadouche, N.A., Aoumeur, H., Djediai, S., Slimani, M. & Aoues, A. 2012. Phytoremediation potential of Raphanus sativus L. for lead contaminated soil. Acta Biology Szegediensis 56: 43-49.

Kabata-Pendias, A. & Pendias, H. 2001. Trace Elements in Soils and Plants. LLC, Boca Raton, Florida, USA: CRC Press.

Khan, Z.A., Kafeel, A., Muhammad, A., Rukhsana, P., Irfan, M., Ameer, K., Zahara, B. & Nudrat, A.A. 2015. Bio-accumualtion of heavy metals and metalloids in Luffa (Luffa cylindrical L.) irrigated domestic water in Jhang, Pakistan: A prospect human nutrition. Pakistan Journal of Botany 47: 217-224.

Khan, A., Javid, S., Muhmood, A., Mjeed, T., Niaz, A. & Majeed, A. 2013. Heavy metal status of soil and vegetables grown on peri-urban area of Lahore district. Soil and Environment 32: 49-54.

Kumar, J., Singh, J.K. &. Arya, S. 2013. Level of heavy metal concentrations in some leafy vegetables locally available in the markets of Jhansi, Bundelkhand Region. International Journal of Advanced Scientific and Technical Research 5: 470-477.

Lone, A.H., Lal, E.P., Thakur, S., Ganie, S.A., Wani, M.S., Khare, A., Wani, S.H. & Ahmad, F. 2013. Accumulation of heavy metals on soil and vegetable crops grown on sewage and tube well water irrigation. Science Research Essays 8: 2187-2193.

Madiha, I., Bakht, J., Shafi, M. & Rafi, U. 2012. Effect of heavy metal and EDTA application on heavy metal uptake and gene expression in different Brassica species. African Journal of Biotechnology 11: 7649-7658.

Mahmood, A. & Malik, N. 2014. Human health risk assessment of heavy metals via consumption of contaminated vegetables collected from different irrigation sources in Lahore, Pakistan. Arabian Journal of Chemistry 7: 91-99.

Panuccio, M.R., Sorgonà, A., Rizzo, M. & Cacco, G. 2009. Cadmium adsorption on vermiculite, zeolite and pumice: Batch experimental studies. J. Environ. Manage. 90(1): 364-374.

Parveen, T., Inam, A. & Mehrotra, I. 2013. Treated municipal wastewater for irrigation: Effect on turnip (Brassica rapa). Desalination and Water Treatment 51: 5430-5443.

Rapheal, O. & Adebayo, K.S. 2011. Assessment of trace heavy metal contaminations of some selected vegetables irrigated with water from River Benue within Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State Nigeria. Advances in Applied Science Research 2: 590-601.

Rehman, K., Ashraf, S., Rashid, U., Ibrahim, M., Hina, S., Iftikhar, T. & Ramzan, S. 2013. Comparison of proximate and heavy metal contents of vegetables grown with fresh and wastewater. Pakistan Journal of Botany 45: 391-400.

Rizwan, S.T., Chaudhary, S. & Ikram, M. 2013. Uptake of some toxic metals in spinach crop irrigated by Saggian drain water, Lahore. Biologyia 59: 183-189.

Russel, D.F. & Eisensmith, S.P. 1983. MSTATC. Crop and Soil Science Department, Michigan State University, USA.

Schickler, H. & Caspi, H. 1999. Response of antioxidative enzymes to nickel and cadmium stress in hyperaccumulator plants of the genus alyssum. Plant Physiology 105: 39-44.

Sekara, A., Poniedzialek, M., Ciura, J. & Jedrszczyk, E. 2005. Cadmium and lead accumulation and distribution in the organs of nine crops: Implications for phytoremediation. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 14: 509-516.

Shakya, P.R. & Khwaounjoo, N.M. 2013. Heavy metal contamination in green leafy vegetables collected from different market sites of Kathmandu and their associated health risks. Science World Journal 11: 37-42.

Sharma, R.K., Agrawal, M. & Marshal, F.M. 2008. Heavy metal (Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) contamination of vegetables in urban India: A case study in Varanasi. Environmental Pollution 154: 254-263.

Singh, S., Zacharias, M., Kalpana, S. & Mishra, S. 2012. Heavy metals accumulation and distribution pattern in different vegetable crops. Journal of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology 4: 170-177.

Sobukola, O.P., Dairo, O.U., Sanni, L.O., Odunewu, A.V. & Fafiolu, B.O. 2007. Thin layer drying process of some leafy vegetables under open sun. Food Science Technology International 13: 35-40.

Soudek, P., Kotyza, I., Lenikusova, I., Petrova, S., Benesova, D. & Vanek, T. 2009. Accumulation of heavy metals in hydroponically cultivated garlic (Allium sativum L.), onion (Allium cepa L.), leek (Allium porrum L.) and chive (Allium schoenoprasum L.). International Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment 7: 761-769.

Steel, R.G.D. & Torrie, J.H. 1997. Principles and Procedures of Statistics: A Biometrical Approach. New York: McGraw Hill.

Turkdogan, M.K., Kilicel, F., Kara, K., Tuncer, I. & Uygan, I. 2003. Heavy metals in soil, vegetables and fruit in the endemic upper gastrointestinal cancer region of Turkey. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 13: 175-179.

Ullah, R., Bakht, J., Shafi, M., Mediha, I., Ayub, K. & Muhammad, S. 2011. Phyto-acummulation of heavy metals by sunflower grown o contaminated soil. African Journal of Biotechnolgy 10: 17192-17198.

Walker, D.J., Clemente, R., Roig, A. & Bernal, M.P. 2003. The effects of soil amendments on heavy metal bioavailability in two contaminated Mediterranean soils. Environmental Pollution 122: 303-312.

Wani, P.A., Khan, M.S. & Zaidi, A. 2007. Chromium reduction, plant growth promoting potentials and metal solubilization by Bacillus sp. isolated from alluvial soil. Current Microbiology 54: 237-243.

WHO. 1996. Guidelines for drinking water quality, health criteria and other supporting information. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.

WHO. 2007. Joint FAO/WHO Expert standards program codex Alimentation Commission, Geneva, Switzerland.

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: jehanbakht@yahoo.co.uk