Sains Malaysiana 45(3)(2016): 425–433

Antihypertension Activity of Water Extract of Tacca integrifolia

(Aktiviti Antihipertensi Ekstrak Air Tacca integrifolia)

 

FARAH LIYANA JAMALUDIN & JAMALUDIN MOHAMAD*

 

Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

 

Received: 16 October 2014/Accepted: 2 September 2015

 

ABSTRACT

Tacca integrifolia Ker-Gawl (Taccaceae) is locally known as ‘Belimbing Tanah’. It has been traditionally used for the treatment of hypertension, hemorrhoids, heart failure and kidney disease. Analysis of leaf and rhizome extracts of T. integrifolia using LCMS/MS showed the presence of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, quinic acid, gypenosides and 3-caffeolquinic acid. The total phenol contents are high in the leaves and rhizome water extracts at 792.75±0.21 and 350.83±0.15 mgGAE/g, respectively. Total flavonoid contents are also high in the leaf extract at 89.52±0.27 mgQE/g and rhizome extract at 30.22±0.37 mgQE/g. ACE inhibitory activity was highest in rhizome water extract. Sub-acute toxicity test showed that no mortality occurred in rats fed with these extracts under experimental conditions. Blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats was reduced significantly (p<0.05) at 50 and 100 mg/kg of leaves and rhizome water extract, respectively. Liver function test indicated no significant difference in total protein, ALT and AST between control group fed with 100 mg/kg of both extracts. Similarly, renal function test indicated no significant difference in sodium and potassium levels as well as creatinine between control group fed with 100 mg/kg leaves and rhizome water extract. Thus, these results supported and provide scientific evidence for the traditional use of T. integrifolia as treatment for hypertension.

 

Keywords: Angiotensin-converting enzyme; antioxidant; hypertension; Tacca integrifolia

 

ABSTRAK

Tacca integrifolia Ker-Gawl (Taccaceae) dikenali sebagai Belimbing Tanah. Tumbuhan ini digunakan secara tradisi untuk rawatan hipertensi, hemoroid, kegagalan jantung dan penyakit buah pinggang. Analisis ekstrak daun dan rizom T. integrifolia menggunakan LCMS/MS menunjukkan kehadiran asid p-hidroksibenzoik, asid protocatechuik, asid quinik, gipenosida dan asid 3-caffeolquinik. Jumlah kandungan fenol adalah tinggi dalam ekstrak air daun dan rizom iaitu masing-masing pada 792.75±0.21 dan 350.83±0.15 mgGAE/g. Jumlah kandungan flavonoid juga adalah tinggi iaitu pada 89.52±0.27 mgQE/g bagi ekstrak daun dan 30.22±0.37 mgQE/g pada ekstrak rizom. Aktiviti perencatan ACE didapati lebih tinggi dalam ekstrak air rizom berbanding ekstrak daun. Ujian ketoksikan akut menunjukkan tiada kematian berlaku pada tikus diberi ekstrak dalam keadaan percubaan. Tekanan darah tikus hipertensif spontan didapati berkurangan dengan signifikan (p<0.05) dengan pemberian masing-masing pada 50 dan 100 mg/kg ekstrak air daun dan rizom. Ujian fungsi hati menunjukkan tiada perubahan signifikan dalam kandungan jumlah protein serta ALT dan AST antara kumpulan kawalan yang diberi makan kedua-dua ekstrak sebanyak 100 mg/kg. Begitu juga pada ujian fungsi renal tiada perbezaan signifikan diperhatikan pada aras natrium, kalium dan kreanitina bila dibandingkan antara kumpulan kawalan yang diberikan 100 mg/kg ekstrak air daun dan rizom. Dengan itu, keputusan ini memberikan sokongan saintifik terhadap kegunaan tradisi T. integrifolia sebagai rawatan hipertensi.

 

Kata kunci: Antioksidan; enzim penukar-angiotensin; hipertensi; Tacca integrifolia

 

REFERENCES

 

Ahmad Ajaz, Khan Rao, Alkharfy & Khalid. 2013. Effects of selected bioactive natural products on the vascular endothelium. Cardiovascular Pharmacology 62(2): 111-121.

Akhigbe, R.E., Ige, S.F., Afolabi, A.O., Oyeyipo, P.I., Ajao, F.O. & Ajayi, F.A. 2008. Water balance and serum levels of some electrolytes in oral contraceptive-treated female wistar rats. Journal Medicinal Science 8: 591-594.

Bagchi, D., Bagchi, M., Stohs, S.J., Das, D.K., Ray, S.D., Kuszynski, C.A., Joshi, S.S. & Pruess, H.G. 2000. Free radicals and grape seed proanthocyanidin extract: Importance in human health and disease prevention. Toxicology 148: 187-197.

Choi, S.H., Cho, H.Y., Yang, H.C., RA, K.S. & Suh, H.J. 2001. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor from Grifola frondosa. Food Research International 34: 177-182.

Cicero, A.F., De Sando, V., Izzo, R., Vasta, A., Trimarco, A. & Borghi, C. 2012. Effect of a combined nutraceutical containing Orthosiphon stamineus effect on blood pressure and metabolic syndrome components in hypertensive dyslipidaemic patients: A randomized clinical trial. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice 18(3): 190- 194.

Circosta, C., Pasquale, R.D. & Occhiuto, F. 2005. Cardiovascular effects of the aqueous extract of Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino. Phytomedicine 12: 638-643.

Cushman, D.W. & Cheung, H.S. 1971. Spectrophotometric assay and properties of the angiotensin-converting enzyme of rabbit lung. Biochemical Pharmacology 20(7): 1637-1648.

Dwivedi. S. & Dipti. 2002. Useful medicinal plants in cardiovascular ailments. Natural Product Radiance 1(5): 22-26.

Erdogan, D., Gonul, E., Icli, A., Yucel, H., Arslan, A., Akcay, S. & Ozaydin, M. 2010. Effects of normal blood pressure, prehypertension, and hypertension on autonomic nervous system function. International Journal of Cardiology 151(1): 50-53.

Eriz, G., Sanhueza, V., Roeckel, M., & Fernandez, K. 2011. Inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme by grape seed and skin proanthocyanidins extracted from Vitis vinifera L.Cv. Pais. LWT. Food Science and Technology 44: 860-865.

Ibrahim, M.A., Kanzaki, T., Yamagata, S.I., Satoh, N. & Ueda, S. 2005. Effect of diabetes on aortic nitric oxide synthesis in spontaneously hypertensive rats; does captopril modulate this effect? Life Sciences 77: 1003 - 1014.

Kitjaroennirut, N., Jansakul, C. & Sawangchote, P. 2005. Cardiovascular effects of Tacca integrifolia Ker-Gawl. extract in rats. Journal Science Technology 27: 281-289.

Krishnaiah, D., Sarbatly, R. & Nithyanandam, R. 2011. A review of the antioxidant potential of medicinal plant species. Food and Bioproducts Processing 89: 217-233.

Lacaille-Dubois, M.A., Franck, U. & Wagner, H. 2001. Search for potential angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitors from plants. Phytomedicine 8: 47-52.

Liu, X., Dong, M., Chen, X., Jiang, M., Lv, X. & Yan, G. 2007. Antioxidant activity and phenolics of endophytic Xylaria sp. from Ginkgo biloba. Food Chemistry 105: 548-554.

OECD 2001. OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemical No. 423. Acute oral toxicity - Acute toxic class method adopted.

Omar Saad Saleh Abrika, Mun Fei Yam, Mohd. Zaini Asmawi, Amirin Sadikun, Hamady Dieng & Elssanousi Ali Hussain. 2013. Effects of extracts and fractions of Gynura procumbens on rat atrial contraction. Journal of Acupuncture Meridian Studies 6(4): 199-207.

Pechanova, O., Rezzani, R., Babal, P., Bernatova, I. & Andriantsitohaina, R. 2006. Beneficial effects of provinols™: Cardiovascular system and kidney. Physiology Resource 55(Suppl. 1): S17-S30.

Pinto, M.D.S., Kwon, Y.I., Apostolidis, E., Lajolo, F.M., Genovese, M.I. & Shetty, K. 2009. Potential of Ginkgo biloba L. leaves in the management of hyperglycemia and hypertension using in vitro models. Bioresource Technology 100: 6599-6609.

Podymow, T. & August, P. 2011. Antihypertensive drugs in pregnancy. Seminars in Nephrology 31(1): 70-85.

Rajandeep Kaur, Karan Kapoor, & Harpreet Kaur. 2011. Plants as a source of anticancer agents. Journal of Natural Product Plant Resource 1(1): 119-124.

Ranilla, L.G., Apostolidis, E., Genovese, M.I., Lajolo, F.M. & Shetty, K. 2009. Evaluation of indigenous grains from the Peruvian Andean Region for antidiabetes and antihypertension potential using in vitro methods. Journal of Medicinal Food 12(4): 704-713.

Renner, E.L. 1995. Liver funcion tests. Bailliere’s Clinical Gastroenterology 9(4): 661-677.

Sabbatini, M., Strocchi, P., Vitaioli, L. & Amenta, F. 2000. The hippocampus in spontaneously hypertensive rats: A quantitative microanatomical study. Neuroscience 100: 251-258.

Saely, C.H., Vonbank, A., Rein, P., Woess, M., Beer, S., Aczel, S., Jankovic, V., Boehnel, C., Risch, L., & Drexel, H. 2008. Alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transferase are associated with the metabolic syndrome but not with angiographically determined coronary atherosclerosis. Clinica Chimica Acta 397: 82-86.

Shankar Murthy, K. & Kiran, B.R. 2012. Medicinal plants usage in cardiovascular diseases - A Review. International Journal of Advanced Scientific and Technical Research 2(6): 264-280.

Spanos, G.A. & Wrosltad, R.E. 1990. Influence of processing and storage on the phenolic composition of Thompson seedless grape juice. Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry 38: 1565-1571.

Sri Nurestri, A.B., Norhanom, A.W., Hashim, Y., Sim, K.S., Hong, S.L., Lee, G.S. & Syarifah, N.S.A.R. 2008. Cytotoxic activity of Pereskia bleo (Cactaceae) against selected human cell lines. International Journal of Cancer Research 4: 20-27.

Tirapelli, C.R., Ambrosio, S.R., Oliveira, A.M.D. & Tostes, R.C. 2010. Hypotensive action of naturally occurring diterpenes: A therapeutic promise for the treatment of hypertension. Fitoterapia 81: 690-702.

Wang, J., Hu, J., Cui, X., Bai, Y., Du, Y., Miyaguchi & Lin, B. 2008. Purification and identification of a ACE inhibitory peptide from oyster proteins hydrolysate and the antihypertensive effect of hydrolysate in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Food Chemistry 111: 302-308.

Zhang, L., Li, Q.J. & Li, D.Z. 2006. Genetic diversity of Tacca integrifolia (Taccaceae) in the Brahmaputra valley, Tibet. Biodiversity Science 14: 65-72.

 

 

*Corresponding author; email: jamal@um.edu.my

 

 

 

 

previous