 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2019-4811-19
Integrated Cave
Stability Assessment: A Case Study at Naga Mas Cave, Mount Pua, Kinta Valley,
Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
(Penilaian Kestabilan
Gua Integrasi: Kajian Kes di Gua Naga Mas, Bukit Pua, Lembah Kinta, Ipoh,
Perak, Malaysia)
GOH THIAN LAI1*, LOK KAH KIT1, AZIMAH HUSSIN1, AILIE SOFYIANA SERASA2, ABDUL GHANI RAFEK3, LEE KHAI ERN4, TUAN RUSLI MOHAMED5, SHAO LEI6, YANLONG CHEN7 & MINGWEI ZHANG7
1Centre for Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and
Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul
Ehsan, Malaysia
2School of Engineering, Asia Pacific University of Technology and
Innovation (APU), Technology Park Malaysia, 57000 Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur,
Federal Territory, Malaysia
3Engineering Geology Advisory, 11, SS21/12, Damansara Utama, 47400
Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
4Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
5Jabatan Mineral dan Geosains Malaysia, Menara PJH, Tingkat 9 Jalan
Tun Abdul Razak, Presint 2, 62000 Putrajaya, Malaysia
6School of Ocean and Earth Science, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
7State
Key Laboratory for Geomechanics & Deep Underground Engineering, China
University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
Diserahkan: 13 Mac
2019/Diterima: 15 Ogos 2019
ABSTRACT
Naga Mas Cave, a
natural cave which also houses a temple is becoming one of the popular places
of worship for Buddhist community in Ipoh, Perak. With the increasing number of
worshippers entering the cave, the stability of this cave becomes important.
With that in mind, an assessment on natural cave stability was conducted in the
interest of public safety. Slope Mass Rating (SMR),
Q rock mass classification system and cave roof thickness-width ratio of cave
were employed in this assessment. The lithology of study area consists of
dolomitic limestone. Discontinuity surveys were conducted at two slopes,
labeled C1 and C2. For slope C1, three (3) joint sets J1, J2 and J3 with the
dip direction and angles of 332º/49º, 154º/37º and 049º/80º, respectively, were
identified. While slope C2 has four (4) sets of joints J1, J2, J3 and J4 with
the dip direction and angles of 323º/44º, 125º/57º, 42º/76º, 263º/67º,
respectively. The relationship between the rock quality, Q values and cave
width shows that all parts inside the cave need support except for the cave
chamber at the northern part. As for the cave wall stability, the northern part
of the south east wall, south eastern and southern part as well as the north
western wall and south western corner were classified as poor slope class due
to the unfavorable orientation of the cave wall. Ratio of cave roof thickness
and cave width shows that the cave is stable. From the results, a mitigation
plan is proposed to highlight the cave safety zone to ensure the safety of
worshippers and public visiting the cave.
Keywords: Cave roof thickness;
cave stability; mitigation; Q-system; Slope Mass Rating (SMR)
ABSTRAK
Gua Naga Mas, sebuah gua
semula jadi yang juga menempatkan sebuah kuil telah menjadi salah
satu tempat ibadat popular bagi masyarakat Buddha di Ipoh, Perak.
Dengan semakin banyak penganut agama Buddha memasuki gua, tahap
kestabilan gua ini menjadi penting. Dengan itu, satu penilaian terhadap
kestabilan gua semula jadi dilakukan demi kepentingan keselamatan
awam. Perkadaran Jasad Cerun (SMR),
sistem pengelasan jasad batuan Q dan nisbah ketebalan bumbung-lebar
gua telah digunakan dalam penilaian ini. Litologi kawasan kajian
terdiri daripada batu kapur dolomit. Tinjauan ketakselanjaran dijalankan
pada dua cerun, yang dilabelkan C1 dan C2. Untuk cerun C1, tiga
(3) set kekar J1, J2 dan J3 dengan arah kemiringan dan sudut kemiringan
iaitu masing-masing 332º / 49º, 154º / 37º dan 049º /
80º telah dikenal pasti. Manakala cerun C2 mempunyai
empat (4) set kekar J1, J2, J3 dan J4 dengan arah kemiringan dan
sudut kemiringan sebanyak masing-masing 323º / 44º, 125º
/ 57º, 42º / 76º, 263º / 67º. Hubungan
antara kualiti jasad batuan, nilai Q dan lebar gua menunjukkan bahawa
semua bahagian di dalam gua memerlukan sokongan kecuali ruang gua
di bahagian utara. Bagi kestabilan dinding gua, bahagian utara dinding
tenggara, bahagian tenggara dan selatan serta dinding barat laut
dan bahagian barat daya dikelaskan sebagai kelas cerun tidak baik
disebabkan oleh orientasi dinding gua yang kurang baik. Nisbah ketebalan
bumbung gua berbanding dengan lebar gua menunjukkan bahawa gua dalam
keadaan stabil. Daripada hasil kajian ini, satu pelan mitigasi telah
dicadangkan untuk menyorotkan zon keselamatan gua untuk memastikan
keselamatan para penganut dan orang awam yang mengunjungi gua tersebut.
Kata kunci: Kestabilan gua; ketebalan bumbung gua; mitigasi;
Perkadaran Jasad Batuan (SMR); Sistem-Q
RUJUKAN
Ailie, S.S.,
Goh, T.L., Abdul, G.R., Azimah, H., Lee, K.E. & Tuan, R.M. 2017. Peak
friction angle estimation from joint roughness coefficient of discontinuities
of limestone in Peninsular Malaysia. Sains Malaysiana 46(2): 181-188.
Ailie, S.S.,
Goh, T.L., Norbert, S., Abdul, G.R., Tuan, R.M. & Noraini, S.
2015. Rockfall and Sustainable Development: A case study at Gua
Damai, Selangor, Malaysia. Prosiding Persidangan Regional Geoheritage
p. 69. Barton, N.
1995. The influence of joint properties in modelling jointed rock masses. 8th
ISRM Congress 3(3): 1023-1032.
Barton, N.,
Lien, R. & Lunde, J. 1974. Engineering classification of rock mass for
design of tunnel support. Rock Mechanics 6: 189-236.
Bieniawski,
Z.T. 1989. Engineering Rock Mass Classifications: A Complete Manual for
Engineers and Geologists in Mining, Civil, and Petroleum Engineering. New
York: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Foo, K.Y.
1983. The Palaezoic sedimentary rocks of Penisular Malaysia-Stratigraphy and
correlation. Proceeding of the Workshop on Stratigraphic Correlation of
Thailand and Malaysia (Malaysia and Associated Mineralization) 1:
1-19.
Goh, T.L.,
Wong, J.M., Norbert, S., Abdul, G.R., Ailie, S.S., Nur, A.M., Ainul, M.R.,
Azimah, H. & Tuan, R.M. 2018. Stability assessment of limestone cave: Batu
Caves, Selangor, Malaysia. Sains Malaysiana 47(1): 59-66.
Goh, T.L.,
Ainul, M.R., Nur Amalina, M., Abdul, G.R., NurAilie, S.S. &
Tuan, R.M. 2016a. Rock slope stability assessment using slope mass
rating (SMR) method: Gunung Lang Ipoh Malaysia. Scholars Journal
of Engineering and Technology (SJET) 4(4): 185-192. Goh, T.L.,
Wong, J.M., Norbert, S., Abdul, G.R., Ailie, S.S. & Lee, K.E. 2016b.
Stability assessment of limestone cave in Gua Damai, Batu Caves Selangor. National
Geoscience Conference. p. 185.
Grimstad, E.
& Barton, N. 1993. Updating the Q-System for NMT. Proc. Int. Symp Metcalfe,
I. 1981. Permian and Early Triassic conodonts from Northwest Peninsular
Malaysia. Bull. Geol. Soc. Malaysia 14: 119-126.
Nur, A.M.,
Goh, T.L., Ainul, M.R., Muhammad Fahmi, A.G. & Tuan, R.M. 2016. Cave
stability assessment using slope mass rating and Q system in Kek Look Tong
cave, Kinta Valley, Perak. National Geoscience Conference. pp. 76-80.
Romana, M.
1985. New adjustment ratings for application of Bieniawski classification to
slopes. Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Role of Rock
Mechanics. pp. 49-53.
Suntharalingam,
T. 1968. Upper Palaeozoic stratigraphy of the area west of Kampar, Perak. Bull.
Ceol. Soc. Malaysia 1: 1-15.
Waltham, T.
2002. The engineering classification of karst with respect to the role and
influence of caves. Int. J. Speleol. 31(14): 19-35.
*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat;
email: gdsbgoh@gmail.com
|
|||
|
